Growing Paderno Business in the U.S Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Growing Paderno Business in the U.S - Case Study Example It can help them to reduce issues to do with personnel movement into and out of the US and legal and tax issues in the US. In addition, the combination of financial and technical attributes of the two firms will improve their competitive edge, which is a fundamental advantage in a market, which is as aggressive as the US. With several types of partnerships available to Paderno, entering into a joint venture with a US company will be a good choice. They can structure the JV in two ways; either contribute resources to the creation of a new entity that will be operated in collaboration, or enter a partnership agreement allowing the entity to be run as a partnership (Yan & Luo 45). The latter will be the best choice since it will allow them to leverage their Paderno brand, as they will one of the partners. Entering such an agreement will enable Paderno to decrease their dependency on the Canadian market. This will help them in reducing risks so that if their Canadian market share suffers , they have the US market to compensate (Glover & Wasserman 28). It will also help them to extend their target market by engaging a partner to market their products in the US market under the other company’s name, while also advertising the product as being a joint venture with Paderno Canada. ... In addition, selling their cookware solutions to a US company will enable them to introduce their high quality cookware and increase profit margins. The joint venture will not have any effect on Paderno’s strategy; instead, it will affect their operational performance. This sort of partnership will be one of convenience where they will cut costs by using the facilities of their partner, while also allowing their partner to use their expertise and licenses (Wolf 61). These arrangements are also for a fixed duration, which will allow Paderno to become established in the US before maybe buying out the name of their joint venture and going into business alone. This would improve Paderno’s competitive advantage in a manner that would not have been possible if they had gone into business alone in the US. If this arrangement becomes a major contributor to the future direction of Paderno, then they could even make it a long-term initiative. By creating a new entity with the US Company and maintaining their autonomy, they will be able to use the other company’s facilities and distribution, while also maintaining their brand name, although not on the product (Wolf 62). The joint venture will also allow Paderno to achieve the minimum size they need for them to operate in the US market. The company will minimize the inherent risks of entering into a foreign market in which they have little experience (Harrigan 32). In this case, they will meet the costs of entering the US market on a joint basis, particularly in the competitive US market. Paderno must, however, ensure that they company they chose for a joint venture has complementary objectives and interests, such as improving the quality of their products. Joint ventures are cost effective ways to further development

Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers - Essay Example The latter can be regarded as an adaptation of the former. After exploring the two works, the reader can evidently realize that there are certain differences, as well as similarities that exist in the works (Gainor 42). In this regard, this paper will compare and contrast the two works, giving similarities and differences that are existent in the works. Similarities and differences between Trifles and A jury of her peers While â€Å"Trifles† is the original play written by the author, â€Å"A jury of Her Peers† can be regarded as a short story, which is a rewriting of the play. The story can be classified as narrative when compared to the play. Although the two works have the similar characters, the story gives the reader a chance to know the feelings, emotions, as well as thoughts of the characters. This means that the play describes the characters narrowly while the story goes in depth in the description of the characters (Gainor 42). The other way in which the two wo rks can be contrasted is with regard to the way males and females tend to be characterized. There are differences in the author’s depiction of both male and female characters in the play and the story. In the story, men can be said to have more depth than in the play. This emanates from the fact that there is in depth explanation of the male characters in the story as compared to the play. Actors had to decide how they will depict gender in the play; on the other hand, depiction of gender in the short story is based on the author’s interpretation of the play. In this regard, therefore, it can be argued that there is more detailed explanation of characters (especially with regard to aspects of gender) in the story than in the play. The other difference between the short story and the play is that the story gives a clearer and in depth discussion of how the main characters relate to each other; this is not evident from the play. For example, the short story depicts the r elationship that exists between Mr. and Mrs. Hale with a lot of clarity. From the story, it becomes possible to get how the characters feel towards each other and their reaction towards one another’s behaviour. However, this is not evident in the play. The play does not give the reader any room for interpreting the behaviour of the characters. Thus, it is not possible to come to the realization why characters behave in certain ways (Gainor 43). The other difference between the two works is that the story brings out the issue of male dominance with a lot of clarity than the play. In the story, it is possible to gain an understanding of the various ways in which men dominate women and exercise authority towards them. This is not so in the play; as â€Å"Trifles† does not go deeply into the heart of the matter. The short story also explains the reactions and response of females towards domination by men; on the contrary, it is not possible to know how women react towards women from the play. There also exists a difference between the play and the short story in that the play involves a performance, which can be regarded as live. This means that the audience has little control regarding what happens. On the other hand, there are lots of interruptions in the short story since ambiguity enables the reader to think outside the box (Gainor 44). Apart from the differences that exist between these two works, there are also some similarities

Strategic Change Approaches To Change Management Commerce Essay

Strategic Change Approaches To Change Management Commerce Essay It is imperative that organisations maintain a greater reach, are present in various different places and constantly abreast of regional and cultural differences and ensure to integrate these into their strategies for the different market and communities they occupy. Due to the ever growing importance of change within organisations, it has become imperative that managerial staff posses the skill to successfully manage these changes when they occur (Senior, 2002; By, 2005). Merrel (2012) described change as a continuous reality for organisations that intend to survive and prosper in these volatile and unpredictable times. He went further to define change as simply doing things in a way different from what you are used to or doing completely different things. It is in the best interest that all stakeholders within an organisation work together to ensure that changes are managed effectively. Effective change management is generally described as execution of change programmes or initiatives that achieve the goals for which they were intended on time and within budget and also succeed in delivering sustainable benefits to the organisation (ibid). However, major changes within organisations require ample inputs in terms of time, energy and resources. Over time it has been found that majority of change programmes have failed to meet the desired goals of the organisation. Published sources estimate that the success levels of change in organisations may fall as low as 10% (Oakland and Tanner, 2007). Most changes that occur within organisations tend to be intermittent in nature. They usually start off at a particular point and are then followed by a number of steps that result in a final outcome. Every growing organisation experiences a continuous process of evolution. At certain intervals of this growth cycle, organisations have to evaluate, determine or reinstate their standards and processes. This evolution could at sometimes be a slight change or at other times a major overhaul. Where there is a change made in one aspect of the organisation, this usually triggers a chain of events that requires further changes t o be made to other areas within the organisation in order to achieve a new balance (Pandey, 2012). Following the constant evolution and the consequent changes that occur within organisations, effort has to be put in to reinstate and create a new balance to continue working towards the goals and objectives of the business. This new balance is created primarily by the workforce and is not an easy feat. Therefore, it is essential that an effective and reliable change management strategy is employed (Gans, 2011). As defined by Gans (2011) Change Management is a process whereby organisations support members of their workforce that have been affected by one way or another as a result of an organizational change. She went further to stress the importance of accounting for any member of staff affected by the change in the development of a change management strategy. Despite the importance of change management in the business world today and as highlighted previously, Balogun and Hope Hailey (2004) have reported that of all change programmes that have been initiated, there has been a 70% rate of failure. Burnes (2004) suggested that this poor success rate of change management programmes shows a basic absence of an adequate framework of how to carry out and manage changes in organisations. He went further to state that what is currently available to academics and practitioners is a wide range of contradictory and confusing theories and approaches. 2.0 EXISTING APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENT There are a number of existing approaches to organizational change and there is continued debate as to which qualifies as the best. This difference in opinion amongst academics and practitioners is the reason that many managers within organisations may have reservations on the importance and validity of existing literature on change management. It is also a reason for confusion as to which approach to employ when considering change (Bamford and Forrester, 2003).These reservations are further fuelled by the existing critical management literature that highlights numerous incidents of change programmes that have gone wrong. Based on the literature, amongst a few others, there are two main approaches to change; emergent and planned (ibid). In this article, we would be looking into the two main approaches to change, highlighting their weakness and strengths, by critically analysing the already existing literature on the topic. 2.1 PLANNED CHANGE This approach to organisational change is described as a process that moves from one set state to another through a succession of pre arranged steps. This approach to change can be analysed using various frameworks, such as the Lewins (1951) action research model and Lewins (1958) three step model which describes the three stages of change as freezing- holding on to the familiar, unfreezing brainstorming, addressing issues and exploring other approaches and refreezing identifying, applying and consolidating values, culture and newly acquired skills to those pre existing and currently desired. This approach to change acknowledges that prior to new characteristics successfully adopted the previous set need to be eliminated, only then can the new set be fully established (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). 2.1a STRENGTHS OF PLANNED CHANGE Burnes (1996 as cited in Eldrod II and Tippet, 2002) identifies planned approach to organisational change as an attempt in explaining the process that initiates change. The planned approach is also thought to highlight the importance to organisations of fully comprehending the different stages that are involved in the process of going from and unsatisfactory state to an unknown desired new state (Eldrod II and Tippett, 2002). Planned change is also credited for considering changes that may not be in direct line with the organisations general transformational vision but are seen to be worth making. It is in tune with the organisational breakdown structure and by virtue of its nature being perceived to be a logical program by stakeholders, providing organisations with a variety of choices of initiatives. Because it is made up of a clear and solid directive, it tends to be easier to circulate to all areas of the organisation. Although this solid directive may in some cases work as a disadvantage as it may make it easier to attack and/or avoid (Weick, 2000; Beer and Nohria, 2000). 2.1b WEAKNESSES OF PLANNED CHANGE Planned change has received a lot of criticism from as early on as the 1980s despite its popularity, (Kanter et al., 1992; Burnes, 1996; By, 2005). It has been faulted for focusing on only small scale incremental change and ignores cases where there may be a need for quick and transformational changes (Burnes, 1996, 2004). Another shortcoming of this approach is the fact that it bases its design on the assumption that organisations operate under conditions that are static and they can move in a pre planned pattern from one stable state to another (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). This approach is also known to ignore situations where a more dictated approach is needed e.g. in a situation where there is a need for rapid change and no room for widespread consultation or involvement (Burnes, 1996, 2004; Kanter et al., 1992; By, 2005). Critics have also argued that this approach is based on the assumption that all the stakeholders involved in the change have a combined interest in carrying it out and that a uniform consensus can be reached with ease (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). This presumption does not take into consideration issues of politics and conflicts that are common place within organisations, but goes further to assume that these can be identified with ease (Burnes, 1996, 2004). Weick (2000; Beer and Nohria, 2000), also highlighted a number of disadvantages of applying the planned change approach. He states that with implementation of the planned change approach, there is a high chance of reversal of the effected change, following the changes; integration of the various parts of the organisation may not take place in a uniform manner, unpredictable results due to limited foresight, a high chance of individuals failing to act out their parts in the change process despite verbally agreeing to do so, adoption of practices that may have been suited elsewhere but may not necessarily yield positive results within the organisation due to a difference in context, failure of top management to have a full understanding of capabilities at the front line and contingencies and finally a delay in execution which would result in the change initiatives being obsolete even before they are implemented. 2.2 EMERGENT CHANGE This approach to change is relatively new and does not have the formal history of planned change. It is believed that this approach covers a wider area of understanding of the issues faced by organisations related to managing change within intricate environments. In this approach, change is perceived to be less reliant on detailed forecasts and plans and is more focused on arriving at an actual understanding of the intricacies of the underlying problems and deriving possible solutions (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). There is also the suggestion that the occurrence of change here is unpredictable that senior managers are unable to effectively select, propose and carry out suitable actions in response (Kanter et al., 1992). The emergent approach to organizational change adopts a bottom up process of initiating and implementation as opposed to a top down. Considering the complex and rapid nature of change, it is deemed impossible for senior management to identify and implement every action necessary to successfully carry out changes. This implies that the role played by senior management must undergo some changes in itself from controller to more of a facilitator of change, as the responsibility for change is seen to be more devolved (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). 2.2a STRENGTHS OF EMERGENT CHANGE It has been established that the business environment is one of uncertainty and the proponents of emergent change have argued that this uncertainty of both the internal and external environments makes the planned approach to change less appropriate. Assuming that organizations operated is an environment that is stable and predictable; there would be little or no need for change. This makes the emergent approach to change much more pertinent than the planned approach (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). Burnes (1996) is of the opinion that emergent change encourages management to pay close attention and gain understanding of strategy, culture, systems, structure and style, looking into how they can work as blockages or facilitators of an effective change process. He goes further to argue that a successful change process is more concerned with gaining an understanding of the complex issues within the organisation and developing a range of options for tackling these issues. It can then be deduced that the emergent change is focused more on the preparation for change and actual implementation as opposed to providing planned steps and objectives for each change programme or initiative (By, 2005). Weick (2000; Beer and Nohria, 2000), insists that change must be more emergent than planned. He is of the opinion that organisations are in a constant state of evolution and there are always change initiatives ongoing on various levels within the organisation. Main stakeholders are always in search of ideas to increase the performance of the organisation and this means that there is a constant flux. It is important that this flux is identified and maximised. Efforts should be made in identifying these little changes occurring in different areas of the organization and they should then be spread to other areas of the organisation. There are no rules that govern the way change is initiated; it simply involves creating a connection between the actions carried out by the individual areas within the business to create a working synergy (Pettigrew and Whipp, 1993). 2.2b WEAKNESSES OF EMERGENT CHANGE Weick (2000; Beer and Nohria, 2000), in his critical analysis also highlighted a number of weaknesses of the emergent approach to change. He noted that emergent changes are too slow to come together, tend to be too negligible to have a noticeable effect on results, are more suited for taking advantages of opportunities than responding to threats, crippled by already existing culture and technology, deficient when competitors are focused on transformation; more generic rather than focused; lack foresight; operates on the assumption that change is driven by intent, which in reality is not always that case and this implies that situations where change is evolutionary or is driven by life cycle would be over looked (Van de Ven and Pool 1995; Weick, 2000; Beer and Nohria, 2000) . One of the main challenges of the emergent change is the fact that is quite new compared to the planned approach and this has led to reservations concerning its consistency and the variety of techniques available (Bamford and Forrester, 2003; Wilson, 1992). Another criticism of the emergent approach is that it is generally made up of models and approaches that lack correlation and only tend to do so in their unified lack of faith for the planned approach to change than to and agreed alternative (Bamford and Forrester, 2003; Dawson, 1994). According to Burnes (1996), to validate the general theory and implementation of the emergent approach to change implies that one has to be of the opinion that all organisation function within a volatile and unpredictable environment to which they constantly have to adapt. This would then bring rise to the assumption that the emergent model is suitable for all organizations, all situations and at all times (ibid). In reality this is clearly not the case. Dunphy and Stace (1993) disagreed on that view arguing that agents of change require a model that is adaptable to different situations and clearly shows how one can adjust their change strategies to achieve the best fit for a particular situation taking into consideration the changing environment (Dunphy and Stace, 1993). 3.0 CONCLUSION Following a review of the existing literature on planned and emeregent approaches to change, it can be concluded that both approaches have fair shares of limitations and advantage. Generally, there seems to be more of a preference for the emergent change approach and this could be because this approach was more recently introduced in comparison to the planned approach and it its design, consideration was taken to address some of the shortcomings that were experience with the planned approach. However, in order to achieve a successful organisational change, it is important that an approach be developed that not only takes into consideration the constantly evolving environment, but also identifies that there are a number of approaches to change. This approach should be flexible to suit the different needs of various organisations as opposed to one that is tailored to be applicable to all organisations. Dunphy and Stace, (1993) clearly state that no two organisations are identical and most probably have varying situations and this would mean that their structure and strategies would also be different and this emphasis the need for a flexible approach to change.

Creon in In Sophocles Tragedies Oedipus the King and Antigone :: essays research papers

In Sophocles’ tragedies Oedipus the King and Antigone Creon’s character experiences great change throughout his life. Creon goes from being a respectable, honorable man with good judgment, to a disrespectable, dishonorable, king. The first impression of the younger Creon is he very religious. He is also obedient to his friend & king Oedipus. Also when Creon is younger he takes advice from people. Creon in Antigone will not listen to anyone’s advice or leadership. He becomes so conceited he makes a law against the gods. Perhaps Creon becoming king was the reason he turned out to be such a tyrant. Theses major flaw in his character is the cause of his tragedy. Oedipus sent Creon to consult the gods of what to do to abolish the plague that was destroying Thebes. Oedipus’ actions illustrate that Creon is a man of immense honor and respect. Oedipus assures to a Priest that everything is going to be fine because he has sent Creon to seek wisdom from Apollo, he says, â€Å"I acted at once. I sent Creon, my wife’s brother, to Delphi Apollo the Prophet’s oracle to learn what I might do or say to save out city† (1369). However, later in life Creon went against the gods. His law fobbing the burial of Polynices shows disrespect and dishonor to the gods. Creon declared, â€Å"But as for his blood brother, Polynices, who returned from exile, home to his father city and the gods of his race, consumed with one desire to burn them roof to roots who thirsted to drink his kinsmen’s blood and sell the rest to slavery: that man a proclamation has forbidden the city to dignify him with burial, mourn him at all. No, he must be left unburied, his corpse carrion for the birds and dogs to teat, an obscenity for the citizens to behold!† (1443) In Oedipus the King Creon demonstrates his compassion and forgiveness, by helping Oedipus even after Oedipus called him a traitor and conspirator. When Creon is called back to the palace Creon says to Oedipus, â€Å"I haven’t come to mock you, Oedipus, or to criticize your former failings† (1428). His sympathy for Oedipus depicts that Creon is not heartless, at this point in his life. Indeed, this changed in the tragedy of Antigone, he did not use any empathy with Antigone, his own niece. Creon developed into a fulsome king, he had no difficulty in convicting Antigone to death.

Psychoanalytical Analysis Of Tsotsi Essay

The film Tsotsi, directed by Gavin Hood, portrays how an individual’s childhood and experiences effect the individual’s psychological development in his struggle for redemption. The narrative centers on Tsotsi, whose name when translated, literally means â€Å"thug†- a nickname he has accumulated through his atrocity as gang leader. The opening scene of the film establishes a strong sense of direction for the story – a glimpse of a person rolling dice is shown, drawing attention to the archetype of the dice representing chance and having no control over what will happen. This reveals the context that Tsotsi’s life is more distinctly influenced by outside forces, rather than his own free will. Following this scene, Tsotsi is introduced on screen wearing a leather jacket – the same one he is seen wearing for the entirety of the film with the exception of the ending, confirming that what viewers see during that time is only an exterior, securely hiding his true identity that was formed by his childhood and experiences. Gaining awareness about the major outside forces that influence the development of Tsotsi’s character in the past and the present are essential in understanding the reason behind his seemingly cold-hearted exterior. Tsotsi’s character is greatly developed by his interactions with his friends and family. His childhood without his parents has a significant effect on him, allowing him to be taught neither proper morals, nor how to behave with others. After their brutal murder of a man, Boston preaches Tsotsi, including him saying, â€Å"Jesus, Tsotsi. A dog? What about a dog† (Hood, 2005). The didactic tirade triggers a stream of muffled emotions in Tsotsi, who beats up Boston. After this incident, Tsotsi runs from his friends, and more importantly, himself. The frenzied expression revealed in the close up shot of his face not only expresses his id that caused the incident, but also clearly expresses his disappointment in himself acting the same way towards Boston, as his dad had to their dog when Tsotsi was younger. â€Å"Get out I said! Out damn it! Out you fucking dog† (Hood, 2005). This metaphorical representation of Boston as a dog reveals Tsotsi’s lack morality throughout his childhood. Hood uses meaningful pathetic fallacy to portray the view that viewers should have on Tsotsi. The long shot emphasizes his insignificant effect over the controlling outside forces, and lighting illuminates the sky, while Tsotsi is still left in  darkness; symbolizing his dark exterior. In addition to being strong influences that have caused Tsotsi to become who he is, his friends also aid him in his path to atonement. Tsotsi looks for redemption against such poverty-induced inhumanity in a place that seems to provide no possibility of doing so. However, such substitute, namely â€Å"decency† makes an appearance in an instructive manner, digging through to Tsotsi’s superego, as Sigmund Freud would suggest. Boston or â€Å"Teacher Boy,† who, true to his nickname, is the only gang member still possessing conscience, castigates Tsotsi for his wrongdoi ngs, â€Å"Decency Tsotsi – Decency – Do you know the word† (Hood, 2005). Viewers see glimpses of decency as described by Boston – making a living in a way that makes you respected – in Tsotsi as the film progresses, along with his character. This is seen when Tsotsi pays a final visit to Boston and leaves his gun with him – a symbolism of him finally revealing his true identity with no armor. Additionally, Tsotsi shoots Butcher, a character with whom he had many similarities with at the start of the narrative, revealing that he no longer shares those similarities with him. Therefore, Hoods use of outside forces further develops Tsotsi’s character. Furthermore, Tsotsi steals a baby in his attempt to steal a car from Pumla. At this point, the critical question stands: Can a small baby redeem a cold-hearted thug? Clearly, the baby plays a major role in Tsotsi’s development as a dynamic character in his path to redemption. Tsotsi becomes occupied with caring for the baby as his pathway out of his odious life. To implement a psychological association to Tsotsi’s repressed humanity, Hood uses sentimental flashbacks. Tsotsi’s involvement with gangs is explained by Tsotsi’s harsh father who restricts him from seeing his ill mother. â€Å"You†¦stay away from your mother† (Hood, 2005). The baby serves as a representation of what Tsotsi has lost; revealed when he visits the baby’s room, and realizes what he has stripped from the baby. As the film progresses, Tsotsi develops a strong admiration towards Miriam, a female figure that he associates with his own mother, and therefore tells Miriam that the baby’s name is ‘David,’ the name he himself was given by his own mother. This is also revealed when Boston says, â€Å"Everyone has a name. A real name from him mother† (Hood, 2005). Miriam reveals the Oedipal Complex at work in the film as Tsotsi revives memories of his mother’s affections. The ‘decency,’ that Boston continuously mentions, is finally revealed to be seen  in Tsotsi when he finally hands the baby over to its parents. However, his reluctance to let the baby go symbolizes his fear in forgetting his past experiences and starting over, clearly emphasized by the depressing music, meant to tug at the viewer’s heart-strings, in contrast to the upbeat music played throughout the rest of the film. Here at the end of the film, Tsotsi’s surrendering to the police confirms that he is no longer seen as a ruthless killer, but as a man with decency. In doing so, Hood offers readers an association with Tsotsi, along with a clear insight of his struggle to redeem himself in a cruel world with little guidance from his childhood and past experiences.

Comparisons of Inca and Aztecs

The Aztecs had city-states and were people of a stratified society. Each of one of these city-states is ruled by a speaker that is chosen by the pipiltin(the nobility). This speaker would have to sacrifice his own blood regularly to show that he is a true king and has good intentions for his empire. The nobles grew stronger with every conquest. The Aztecs also had a governing council but they weren't all that successful because they had lacked real power. The Aztec system was very successful, because it was aimed at political dominance and not head on control of the people. The calpulli had authority over the government but during the 1st hundred years the emperor took over. The Aztecs were very smart in creating â€Å"flower wars†(to leave a few territories unconquered so that periodic wars could be staged so that both sides could obtain captives for sacrifice) ,because it ensured sacrifices. The Incas believed that their ruler was a living god there to represent the sun god on earth. Everything the Incas did ,religiously and politically, had a religious meaning in it. The Incas had a queen(senior wife of king) and she was believed to be linked to the moon. The Inca believed that integration was very important. By using their language(Quechan) they integrated by teaching it too their conquered peoples. They were smart to adopt the split inheritance from the Mayans. The Inca expansion was closely tied together by ancestor worship. They had developed a state bureaucracy of which almost all of the nobility had played a part in. The Aztecs and Incas are alike because the kings of each of the two peoples were elected by siblings of the royal family. The governing council also had a say so in. Both rulers and kings had a â€Å"right hand man† the Aztecs had a prime minister where as the Incas had a high priest. Both the prime minister and high priest(which both had tremendous power) were usually close relatives of the king. Aztecs' and Incas' highest deity was the sun god. In both empires men and women were mostly equal but since the military virtue was emphasized it gave men more power so it wasn't completely balanced. Women were mostly in the household but they still contributed to the empire. The military in both had great power because they were the backbone of the empires; they supplied the peoples with war captives for human sacrifice. Both of the empires used sacrifice as a political terror. Where the Aztecs demanded mostly tribute as well as some labor the Inca people demanded mostly labor. Both took tribute from their conquered peoples.

Sexual dimorphism essays

Sexual dimorphism essays Darwins theory of evolution, natural selection, plays a role in the sexual dimorphism of purple-throated caribs. Natural selection directly alters the frequency of phenotypes. For natural selection to occur there must be variation of a trait among the individuals. Secondly, the trait must be able to be passed down from one generation to the other. Thirdly, there must be differential reproductive success, meaning that one trait will survive to be passed on more often than the other. Sexual dimorphism is the difference in trait between different sexes of the same species. The female hummingbirds bills are longer than the males and are curved at 30 degrees, compared to that of 15 degrees of the males. Such sexual dimorphism evolved through the ecology of feeding; the difference in bills enables both sexes to eat different foods. The only food plants available to the caribs are red-bracted H. caribaeas and green-bracted H. bihais. Both sexes differ in the way they use the two species. T he males are more settled and tended to control and defend the densest stands of H. caribaea, which bears three times as many flowers as H.bihai. Females behaved differently. Because females have to incubate eggs and raise offspring without male assistance, they cant guard flower patches and therefore must feed from undefended patches. The females smaller size prevents them from competing successfully against males for the richest territories (H. caribaeas). Now that we know what plants each sex feeds on, the differences in flowers of the two species of plant will explain why the bills of the sexes are different. The H.caribaea flower, dominated by male pollinators, is shorter and straighter than the flowers of H. bihai. They are shorter than the H. bihai flower by six millimeters, which is also how much the males bill differs from the females. The H. caribaea flowers are curved at a 20 degrees arc, which suits the males&...

Computers (end of humanity) essays

Computers (end of humanity) essays Computers are a part of everyones life. Although they do help us live much easier lives, they also raise many questions about our well being. Will our weight problem continue to rise, due to many people sitting in front of computers all day? Do we have enough money to keep up with personal computer technology? Are people going to become stupider because of dependence on computers for average problems? Almost everyone uses the web for some reason or another. What if it suddenly stopped working (Y2K), is there any way we could survive this? Will computers take over all communication devices? If so, it could result in massive job loss, which would put many people in the streets. I have been around computers for years. I understand how they affect our nation, our continent, and our world. I think computers are a necessary part of life, but they can many times do more harm than good. The United States has a major health problem. Many people are overweight, most likely due to being inactive, which is caused in part by computers. I am overweight and blame it mainly on computers. I used to spend all day sitting in front of the computer, searching the Internet. But many people dont understand that there is more to do than play on the computer. Indiana is one of the fattest states in the U.S. and many doctors are blaming it on computers or television. Many of the tasks that our parents and grandparents did can now be done over the Internet. This is a good thing, but its also a bad thing, causing people to become lazy. Shopping for Christmas gifts can now be done entirely over the Internet, allowing us to never leave our chair, or worse, never burn any calories. Computers seem to make people become lazier than ever. Our country cant handle becoming any more unhealthy. The problem is already serious enough. We dont want this to make the end of our great nation. The only way to...

A Fear of Flying Turning a Simple Dream into a Story of Triumph

A Fear of Flying Turning a Simple Dream into a Story of Triumph Have you ever had a dream that you could fly? When I was a child, I had recurring lucid flying dreams. In one, my parents are entertaining company. I start demonstrating how I can fly. I’m riding the airwaves above the yellow shag rug in the living room, and everyone is entranced. In the dream, flying is the most natural thing in the world and I know that anyone can do it if they just learn to catch the right currents. Watch me go! It’s just like swimming! Then, I would awake. from thecharmingplace.com greeting cards The thrill of flying came crashing down. I was left distraught, wishing I had never had the dream at all. In my child’s mind, it was worse to discover that my ecstasy was imagined than to avoid it in the first place. So I decided I would prefer NOT flying in my dreams to the trauma and disappointment I faced upon awakening. I resolved to wake myself up the next time I had a flying dream. Reality Check Sure enough, one night I found myself flying around with the characters from Alice in Wonderland, cards and spades whisking through the air. I promptly gave myself a whack on the head with my right hand and woke up immediately. The dream was over. No more disappointing awakenings to â€Å"reality† for me! That was the last flying dream I ever had. Until last Thursday. Reclamation In my dream, I once again have an audience, and I am doing swimming strokes through the air. I feel the support of the air under me, and I stay airborne for minutes at a time. What power and freedom! I want everyone around me to discover this joy! This time I choose to let the dream take its natural course. And when I wake up, there is no trauma or disappointment. Rather, I experience an aliveness from the knowledge that I have reclaimed something. What’s possible from here? Rising above my limiting beliefs. A different perspective on life. And getting in touch with an adventurous, powerful piece of myself that knows anything is possible. I wonder, what disappointments have led you to stop dreaming? Are you willing to let yourself fly again? Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJune 27, 2017 3 Comments The Essay Expert says: August 23, 2011 at 7:13 pm Thanks BeeGee. Yes I must have reached a point in life where I am not only capable of handling disappointment, but where I choose to risk disappointment in favor of experiencing joy. And creating a support system is definitely key. Disappointments can be tough to handle alone. Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: August 28, 2011 at 5:40 pm Interesting that you learned to control your flying dreams. I used to have tidal wave dreams that were more like nightmares but once, I saw that wave coming towards me, and thought, Here goes and dove straight into it. I often had flying dreams and contrary to your experience, I loved them! I would awake with a great feeling of empowerment. My flying dreams have slowed down with age though occasionally, I get similar ones where I discover, to my delight, that I can run as fast as a deer. I should say that most of my dreams the ones I remember enrich my waking hours. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: August 30, 2011 at 4:52 pm I love the running as fast a deer dream Penelope! And Im glad you didnt have to go through what I did to learn to enjoy what are clearly powerful dreams! Log in to Reply

VH Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

VH - Case Study Example One of the major risk factors pointed out is that the management is old and unproven. The CEO is too old, that is about 70 years, and the CTO is his son. However, as far as Telco Exchange agrees to change the CEO and appoint someone who is suggested by Valhalla, this risk is solved to a great extent. The scope of the field Telco Exchange is engaged in is evident from the Aberdeen finding that while the average profit of a Fortune 500 company is 1% of its revenue, the money the company spends on telecommunications is around 0.84% of the total amount. So, as far as Telco manages to provide highly integrated and comprehensive solutions, there will be growth, or, at least, the business will not go down. Though there is a possibility that some financially able competitors like MSS Group, Teldta Control, Profitline, and QuantumShift may try to develop software solutions, they will address only the financial part of the issue, thus failing to address inventory management and service order. So, there is no possibility of any serious threat to Telco Exchange in the near future. Hence, Art Marks can vote to invest in Telco Exchange. B. ... However, as the companies know, these are not complete solutions as they do not address the root cause of the problem. On the other hand, Telco Exchange offers a much more comprehensive and integrated solution that identifies the root causes and the unnecessary services and equipments. It also helps prevent erroneous ordering and make sure that the elements which are not needed are eliminated. In addition, it provides a holistic view of the communication infrastructure of the companies. Furthermore, Telco Exchange helps automating the ordering process, thus making the data available for all parties to work with. This helps to ensure that the corporate policies are properly followed. Thus, it becomes evident that the outsourcing approach will not provide a solution that is as effective as that of Telco Exchange, and hence not a risk. The third risk is that the present management is unproven, with a CEO aged 70. In addition, the CTO is his son. It is necessary for the company to change the existing management, however, without any effect on the existing customers and performance. C. The Valhalla due diligence is perfect in the fact that though it may fail to provide huge profit through investment based on wild assumptions, it takes maximum care on not losing the investment. Thus, investors are offered an investment that is free from risk to the maximum possible extent. The investment decision is taken after duly studying the investment memo, and to take the decision, the whole board should vote unanimously; not based on majority. This ensures that all issues and risks concerning the investment are fully analyzed and not even a

Reflections on doing, being and becoming Assignment

Reflections on doing, being and becoming - Assignment Example The idea that was most interesting and which I would like to explore more is the part of doing as an occupation which many people have focused on much to the extent of destroying our planet and nature. This is of interest because of all the theories that have been put forward about the destruction of nature and the planet, no one has focused deeply on occupation being related to the act of doing which is driven by the notion of an individual’s being. If the being can be addressed in detail, then the doing in relation to occupation can be addressed as well. What additional questions or wonderings do you have about this? The explanation of being in the article has not really touched on psychological explanation and how whether a being can be changed or not and if it is changed, what kind of effect can it have on the becoming as well as doing of an individual. If the inner life of an individual can be changed, can it make an individual better, enable them make better choices and decisions or there will be no much effect felt or seen. Why, in your opinion, do you believe this warrants further discussion? The article itself has not delved deeply into the three aspects and they are all interconnected. If further research can be carried out in the aspect of being, then the results can be able to shed much insight into how to make the occupations of people better the planet rather than destroy them, or even enable them chose better occupations. The aspect of being is much more important than indicated in the article.

Public administration Theories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public administration Theories - Term Paper Example Principally, theories attempt to explicitly explain and discuss various aspects of the psychological, social, and physical worlds, accurately and successfully predicting the underlying elements (Basu, 2004). This paper discusses the major theories of public administration as envisaged by various scholars, explicitly describing their implications in various settings within organizations or state bodies. Scientific Management Theory According to Farmer (2010), Fredrick Winslow Taylor conducted scientific studies and applied them to management problems. Although he was an engineer by profession, he managed to solve management problems successfully through his scientific studies (Raj, 2005). This is because he believed that management was a science that had specific governing laws and principles, an approach that several management scholars adopted in their studies to improve on his work. Through his scientific approach, Taylor emphasized the essence of partnership between the management and the staff in fulfilling an organization’s objectives through scientific management techniques. Taylor strongly believed that the prosperity of any social organization rested on the success of application and implementation of certain scientific changes whereby scientific training was the major motivating factor towards abandoning the old ways of doing things (Farmer, 2010). With respect to the performance of various workers at different levels, Taylor proposed the use of motion study that involved the evaluation of the workers’ performance against the time they took to accomplish their duties. Some of Taylor’s scientific management principles included solving management challenges through scientific approaches, cordial relationship between workers and management based on scientific methods, and scientific training of workers in order to attain efficiency (Basu, 2004).   Although Taylor made tremendous achievements together with his associates such as Henr y Gantt, Lillian Gilbreth, and Frank Gilbreth, they faced a number of criticisms from various quarters. One major criticism was the fact that the scientific approach to management perceived man as a machine, an issue that some preceding scholars found rather awkward to address. The psychological thinkers such as March and Simon insisted that Taylor ignored the human factor in the scientific management theory, a major aspect in psychological studies. In addition, the opponents of Taylorism theory, such as workers and managers, cited some elements of inflexibility in the approach (Denhardt, 2011).   Classical Theory According to Basu (2004), March and Simon in the mid-20th century professed this theory, terming it as the mechanical theory, the administrative management theory, or simply the structural theory. Later, Henri Fayol together with other scholars suggested through the structural theory that administrative work remained administrative work, the work performed and the circum stances surrounding the performance of the work notwithstanding. They categorically argued that administrative knowledge surpassed other forms of knowledge such as technical knowledge, and various management personnel could apply this kind of knowledge to a wide spectrum such as religion, government institutions, and organizations (Denhardt, 2011).  Fayol, in furtherance of his studies, classified administrative duties into five major categories that included planning, control, coordination,

Media Reflections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media Reflections - Assignment Example What is known with Americans is about the world is more inconsistent to the influence they have and how it control resources. An erroneous rule of thumb for foreign correspondents covering the world’s news is that â€Å"all everyone cares is about earthquakes and rebellions†. On the other hand, most Americans get their news from television and newsletters including magazines. However, television is the last effective media in communicating in-depth news with great knowledge due to its distortions and sparseness. If numbers can mean anything, journals and newspapers are not doing their job in getting Americans informed that they have a lot to learn from other newly developed countries. Most average sized newspapers are found to publish a maximum of one thousand words in a day for foreign news. This discards much of the total words furnished by the syndicates and news agencies. There are estimated less than four hundred full time correspondents for United States news orga nizations internationally serving the U.S. This is fewer than the number of correspondents who were at work at the end of the Second World War. The printing press was found to have numerous effects on people’s association and interactions. It was found to foster nationalism while at the same time promoted individualism. People could not engage in association in the mind of being a liability. The printing press also set up the literacy rates among the working people and on the middle class people. Knowledge was democratized among all members of the state. People could obtain knowledge on specific areas with much support from the printing press (Harrison, 1996). The printing press was as well found to have speeded up the dissemination and the preservation of knowledge among all members of the state. In relation to the internet in the modern day media, these functions of the printing press correspond to the specific effects portrayed through the study of the internet today. Inte raction among individuals is greatly enhanced by the internet while many of the internet users. The internet shapes the users knowledge through the interaction by different people. It democratizes knowledge with no limitation to all users (McLuhan, 2006).   Information is known to be in form of power. This is now known than ever in the third world countries and they are therefore calling for new international order of information. The newly developed countries have their demands going unheeded due to the lack of a substantial change in the world system of information dissemination. The American media in particular, are highly influential. The feature films, popular press, commercial TV and the hit parades were all invented in U.S. they were then imported and copied by the rest of the nations. Very little of the Anglo-American news film agencies and news select the images for the perception of international political information in the world. Information is no longer treated as a c ommodity but as a service at the disposal of every person. In the same way, if a new world order of information is established, the third world nations must consolidate their information media as well as the western highly developed technological states must assist. People make use of the media in criticizing the

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Essay

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Britain over the past half century - Essay Example Theories of family development are very popular and show that this culture, at least, still looks in part to systems and theories to solve some of its more pressing classification and categorization problems. Traditionally the role of the state has been the role of the patriarch, as the enforcer of gender division. In looking at how gender roles changed in Britain, the answer for this question is that in fact, the industrial revolution actually resulted in less work in the household, so technically less work for mother, but more work for women outside of the household. The basic assumption of the current investigation is that the industrialization process in Britain has been so innovative and rapid that it has not only brought new responsibilities, but also new expectations of women in and outside of nuclear family roles. As industrialization advanced, so did the statue of women, resulting in higher expectation for the mothers at home, but also higher expectations of the active-working women, both considered as one. Before women gained the right to vote, they were unequal in society in many ways. They could not basically participate in the government of the country, and they were barred from everything but the domestic sphere, which was where they were expected to stay. They were basically exp ected to take care of the house, do the cooking and cleaning, take care of the children, and let the men go out and vote, because they weren’t considered good enough, smart enough, or independent enough to be able to do something like this on their own. It is ironic that some people even today are not independent or smart enough to do things on their own. But in other ways, history has changed, because women had enough of this situation of inequality and got involved in an active struggle. They were able to raise themselves up from ignorance and do something truly noble and important, in the face of a

Health Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Sociology - Essay Example Also included is the criticism of capitalism which forces the lower working classes to be subject to the exploitation of the upper classes. This includes not only the working standards of the employees but a variety of other factors such as the standards of health which are determined by the bourgeoisie set to attain power. Through manipulating these means, they are able to produce surplus product which leads to profits and the upper classes accumulation of wealth and power for themselves. The last pattern set by Marxism is the need for the worker to revolt. It is only by standing up to the orders set for them by the upper classes that the proletariat can escape. This requires the workers to unite through unions and political parties to stand against the control of the rich ruling classes. Thus, the Marxist policy is very consistent with the idea of exploitation done by the ruling class to maintain their power over the poorer and less powerful working classes. While most Marxist opinions are based upon the concept of economic determinism and its effect on the resulting class conflict, Marx and Engels have been unable to come with a unified and direct theory on over-all purpose of civil society itself. However this purpose of society can be understood by examining the work done by both men. This includes the criticism of the 19th century social systems, the advantages of a communist system and its superiority to the exploitation committed by the capitalist systems and the Marxist need for a justified revolution that would allow the workers to gain their due rights (Peffer 1990).Thus, Marxists aim for a health system that will not deprive the poor of their rights to a justifiable and efficient system that will provide for their basic needs and wants. Marxists view the health care system as a method for capitalist societies to search for profits while maintaining their capitalist domination and capital accumulation (Waitzkin 1983). Marx saw the problems created by the inequality amongst the classes. The conditions borne by the lower working classes were dismal. The working classes were living in an abject state of poverty and were deprived of many material goods. Not only were they paid a minimum wage which prevented them from buying anything but the basic necessities of life but they also lived together which allowed the diseases amongst them to spread at a much higher speed. This unbridled capitalist system created a breeding ground for disease amongst the proletariat (Baggott 2004). There is no doubt that the upper classes are not immune to the disease and infections spread caused by the social and economic conditions, but the number of ill-health between the rich and poor are severely disproportionate. This was coupled with the health services provided to the two different classes. Both were phenomenally different. This proved the Marxist concept that while the rich prospered; the working class lived in poo r conditions under them. The idea is that the health of managerial and professional classes tends to improve while those of the poorer

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Essay

Write a report on the changing roles of men and women in families in Britain over the past half century - Essay Example Theories of family development are very popular and show that this culture, at least, still looks in part to systems and theories to solve some of its more pressing classification and categorization problems. Traditionally the role of the state has been the role of the patriarch, as the enforcer of gender division. In looking at how gender roles changed in Britain, the answer for this question is that in fact, the industrial revolution actually resulted in less work in the household, so technically less work for mother, but more work for women outside of the household. The basic assumption of the current investigation is that the industrialization process in Britain has been so innovative and rapid that it has not only brought new responsibilities, but also new expectations of women in and outside of nuclear family roles. As industrialization advanced, so did the statue of women, resulting in higher expectation for the mothers at home, but also higher expectations of the active-working women, both considered as one. Before women gained the right to vote, they were unequal in society in many ways. They could not basically participate in the government of the country, and they were barred from everything but the domestic sphere, which was where they were expected to stay. They were basically exp ected to take care of the house, do the cooking and cleaning, take care of the children, and let the men go out and vote, because they weren’t considered good enough, smart enough, or independent enough to be able to do something like this on their own. It is ironic that some people even today are not independent or smart enough to do things on their own. But in other ways, history has changed, because women had enough of this situation of inequality and got involved in an active struggle. They were able to raise themselves up from ignorance and do something truly noble and important, in the face of a

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Example for Free

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Social networking is even used to prove the legitimacy or credibility of the individual. From entertainment, information to career improvement, social networking has practically changed the way people communicate and interact online. But social networks still have to face certain challenges especially on the users’ end since these challenges could harm users and the social network’s reputation. It is important for users of social network to consider these issues that surround the social network. By remembering these challenges, users will be able to protect themselves from negative repercussions on some issues on social network. Privacy as the Main Concern The number one problem users as well as social network administrators face everyday is security. It can happen in any given time with or without the user online. Attacks on different social networking website are always a possibility because the data protected by social networks are too precious to be ignored by attackers. Viruses, spywares and worms that aim to crawl through security protocols of social networks are constantly threatening social networks. Considerable time and resources are always spent by social networks in order to maintain privacy of their users. A single attack could make every user vulnerable to security related problems such as identity theft. Information Access Access to social networking websites varies. Some website will allow any user to access information of persons even though they are not part of the user’s network while some social network prohibit access to any form of information without confirmation from the profile owner. Problems regarding information access could be completely controlled by user but unauthorized access could still happen especially for those who are just starting to understand the rules of different social networks. Updated Notification Every social network provides real time notification usually through email if there are any changes in the user’s profile. But most notifications are very limited and they are usually on the positive things that happened on the social network. For example, when a request to connect is asked, the user will automatically be notified through email or any messaging system the user prefers. But social networks will never inform the user if someone willingly removes their connection. This is done to avoid confrontations between users which significantly affect the relationship. Misuse of Social Networks Unfortunately, there are those who use social network for scams and other illegal purposes. There have been reports around the world that social networks are used to spread rumors, lies or degrading messages that could affect the person’s reputation. â€Å"Cyber bullying† or an act of being hostile to another user online has also been observed in some social networks. This type of actions should never be allowed in any social network. Users have to be careful on the veracity of the data they receive and to take actions as soon as possible as soon as something undesirable is found on social networks. Protection for Children Aside from privacy and misuse of social networks, the vulnerability of minors is also a big problem for all social networks. While some social networks are geared towards adults, most social networks are open to everyone – including minors. Unfortunately, minors on social networks could become targets of sexual predators that can cloak their real identity in different social networks. While some legislators have taken steps in preventing these offenders from using social networks these efforts could be easily curtailed especially when the offender is more than familiar with the internet.

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay The main aim of this assignment is to analysing, describing, introducing about Cadbury company in Indian and international market as a leading chocolate brand but main focus on Indian market. This summary elaborate all about Cadburys marketing plans that how they design successful marketing. marketing strategy that they describe how maximize product manufacturing efficiency with minimization malfunctioning and what ideas behind developing market, media technology that describe why how important role in advertising, manufacturing process goods delivery, product promotion this impact regard with current and future marketing objective to create customer vale in the market. Cadbury company is second more demanding company of chocolate in the market. It has largest share price in Indian market that is near about 75 percent of total market share, which indicate customers attraction in its product which easily available in the market. The idea behind this situation is its affordable price of product with more customer satisfaction as compare with other competitor like AMUL, NESTLE etc., (kotler, 34 cadbury) Cadbury company has main objective to launch successful product in the market with specified time period. It apply effective marketing strategy to perform target objective plan, apart from this, it also apply ecommerce strategy for analyzing product performance growth or financial condition of the market. Cadbury company aware about marketing condition regarding their product and always try to give more quality product in the market and get more financial budget. Marketing strategy is very much related with marketing objective. Marketing strategy is basically describe logic (thinking) of manager by which company create and achieve customer and relationships respectively. This is very useful for achieving accomplish target market. Below are some marketing strategy points which is use by the Cadbury company; Cadbury is confectionaries company so its market segment basically realize on children, adult and on female population due to wide consumption source of chocolate. It has also target to expand market in rural areas. There are different types of customer and their different need. So Cadbury Company classified the customers need or requirement on the basis of different chocolate category like geographic ( moulded milk, wafer category) and demographic that is given below. Cadbury Company adopts innovative technology by customers, markets, and suppliers demand to unify and modified business and business strategy (it is planning by manager that can reduce complexity and make planning for future development) respectively. Technology implementations provide productivity increases during manufacturing with the help of innovative or modified instrumentation and machinery and also provide against malfunctioning. protect data against unsecure threat which can never accepted by Cadbury company, and more benefits to the Cadbury organisation in different area like create new product by customer demand and take more than acceptable benefits, Cadbury use reposition method to protect market share against competition. They use technology to provide cost reduction production by automation process with high accuracy and more perfection in quality product, and also use for innovative delivery that related with fast and time management delivery as per consumer demand. C adbury accept wide range of technology like PLC (programmable logic control), SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), and DCS (distributed control system) for minimization in malfunctioning during manufacturing of product this control system also provide successful and perfection rapper of the product. They also prefer technology that enable time to time information sharing with employee, improve communication between members, and all process should be easy to execute without taking any risk. Cadbury Company has wide range of information technology system by that they are able to keep all information about all loyal/ existing customers and all new customers. In Cadbury company media technology play very vital role for marketing communication by which they attempt to inform and persuade customer or consumers directly as well as indirectly about their products and brand with the help of media. In an indirect marketing Cadbury prefer word of mouth system in this way, people to people or customer to customer oral and written communication. In a direct marketing Cadbury prefer Personal selling system in this way, Cadbury representative make face to face interaction with one or more purchasers for the purpose of making presentation and procuring orders. Innovative Technological market system, Cadbury give first preference of this media technique for marketing advertisement that this direct marketing system to improve their marketing by use of electronic shopping, TV shopping, telephone, fax, e-mail or internet to communicate directly with solicit to his customer. Public relations and publicity system, Cadbury recommend this system to promote his particular products by the arrange of seminars, speeches, and banners decoration in famous stores or shops (super markets) and famous street etc. Cadbury company promote his particular brand product with the help of sponsors during special occasion or events like sports (cricket, football, etc.), entertainment (TV shows), festivals, etc. They also recommend promotion of his product by sales promotion like fair trade, demonstration, etc. So advertisement is main tools for Cadbury Company to promote his brand image to all over the world. Plan to expand business as in marketspace (digital i.e. shopping by internet) and also in marketplace (physical i.e. shopping in store). Generally their more concentration on e-commerce business regarding future marketing. E-commerce business is nothing but it is on-line market which are prefer by more urban area customers and sometime rural area customer also take advantage in this innovative marketing strategy, this is time saving strategy, this is more valuable because todays customer has no time for shopping, so this modern era is very effective. In this type of marketing there is no requiring more space and big office, only need for computers and internet connection. The main goal of this strategy is to provide enhance business marketing with customers valuable feedback. This marketing always cheaper than store market price. It always intend to care about customer satisfaction and there value of the money so they always keep focus and provide cost effective and benefit considerable product in the market. Cadbury company also offering exchange marketing strategy by that customer can get benefits with new product by exchange with old product, example old or expiry date chocolate replace with new fresh chocolate. Price reduction strategy without affecting quality is the main concern factor and that can be happen by the new offers, discount and implement nearest logistics and distribution centre. They has modified distribution centre with technological effect by that customer or logistics can communicate information about product go to the market easily without any barrier. The idea behind this communication is to provide chocolate more social cultural product in the market. Cadbury organisation has special team for market inspection that they always try to find weakness (linkage in packaging, numbers of bytes are broken, not able to stay long in outer environments) in the product and their remedies. So that customers get much more quality product from Cadbury company. The new ideas come through customer suggestion response in that they describe problems regarding product so that Cadbury Company gives first customer priority. Apart from customer suggestion Cadbury also follow opinion from scientist, media agencies, etc. New product (develop variety of different flavour chocolate) creation is one of the best strategy parts of Cadbury organisation as in the developing edge because new products create new market that allow to Cadbury company enter established strong market and provide cost reduction on new product. They have separate team work, which is only consider and search children demand and test because children like most chocolate. The future strategy against competitor is main aim of Cadbury company, to improve their performance better than other organisation by their perfection in quality product, reasonable price of the product, promotion as high as possible with technological innovative media, services that should never down in the future, response speed more higher than other company or organisation during goods delivery, high level of duties during any complain from customers. They strategy also aware about market share value that depend on separate area and they wish to increase market share value in future that are depend on urban and rural area where crowd, child young youth population is high. Generally these people recommend brand position with quality so Cadbury Company intend to expand brand position quality in the market with some offers gifting process. The above descriptions illustrate the future strategy and how effect improvement in future marketing operation profit of the Cadbury Company. The same time management also perform their role that check inner firm environment condition i.e. relation between employee or staff his working performance, focus on business strength, focus on product weakness, financial, share price and manufacturing condition and outer firm environment i.e. market condition, customer attraction, etc. indeed Cadburys management department duly concerned there place about chocolate in globally market place. They aim is to find opportunity in international market with above strategy through higher quality, better service, lower price, higher market share, continuous product variation improvement, regular product innovation, entering high growth markets and more customer expectation to make brand more demanded.

Point Of View In Grendel And Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Contrasting points of view in Grendel and Beowulf significantly alter the reader’s perception of religion, good and evil, and the character Grendel. John Gardner’s book, Grendel, is written in first person. The book translated by Burton Raffel, Beowulf, is written in third person. Good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf. How is Grendel affected by the concepts of good and evil? Grendel is an alienated individual who just wants to be a part of something. His desire to fit in causes him to do evil things. Grendel is fascinated by the Shaper’s poetry. He often returns to the mead hall to listen to it. One night while he is listening, he hears the story of Cain and Abel, including the Danes explanation of Grendel. His reaction to this leads to one of his most dramatic emotional reactions: â€Å"I believed him. Such was the power of the Shaper’s harp! Stood wriggling my face, letting tears down my nose, grinding my fists into my elbow the corpse of the proof that both of us ere cursed, or neither, that the brothers had never lived, nor the god who judged them. ‘Waaa!’ I bawled. ‘Oh what a conversion’†(Gardner 51)! Grendel then cries for mercy from the Danes. He wants their forgiveness as well as unification with them, which represents the good in him. The Danes reject him by confusing his outburst of sorrow as an attack. After visiting with a dragon who tells Grendel a fictional version of the Shaper’s tale, Grendel continues to believe the Shaper’s story. He searches for the goodness in human beings, which was mentioned in the story. He eats people only because it provides a place for him in society, even if it is a negative position (The Two Faces of Grendel, 2). Good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf, and ultimately both wipe each other out. Good, is portrayed by God, and evil seems to be what fate has in store for the hero. Beowulf occasionally talks to God and asks God to give him strength before the battle and to give him the valor he needs to overcome his enemy. Evil seems to always get the bad side of things since it always gets conquered by God’s good side. Even though this is true, evil lives the high life for a long time. Grendel, Beowulf’s first opponent, killed thousands and thousands of men before he met his match. Evil comes from the monsters. They attack the good side by killing innocent men because they ... ...rs have a sense of alienation and just want to fit in. The point of view of the book Grendel allows the reader to see another side of Grendel. In Beowulf, Grendel is viewed as the antagonist and the evil villain. Grendel is both feared and hated in Beowulf. Upon reading Beowulf, the reader discovers Grendel as seen through the eyes of his terrified victims. King Hrothgar, leader of the Danes, fears his visits: â€Å"The renowned ruler, the prince of long famous, sat empty of joy; strong in might, he suffered, sorrowed for his men when they saw the track of the hateful monster, the evil spirit.† Hrothgar would dread the fatal nights when Grendel would dine on human flesh. The ruler understands that Grendel attacks his men out of spite and jealousy (The Two Faces of Grendel, 1). In reading Grendel and Beowulf, one can find many similarities in the way the events occur in the books, however because of contrasting points of view, the reader gets insight on the entire picture from two different sides. This allows the reader to better understand each book and its contents, such as their beliefs and the concept of good and evil, and acknowledge the ways the character Grendel can be described. Point Of View In Grendel And Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays Contrasting points of view in Grendel and Beowulf significantly alter the reader’s perception of religion, good and evil, and the character Grendel. John Gardner’s book, Grendel, is written in first person. The book translated by Burton Raffel, Beowulf, is written in third person. Good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf. How is Grendel affected by the concepts of good and evil? Grendel is an alienated individual who just wants to be a part of something. His desire to fit in causes him to do evil things. Grendel is fascinated by the Shaper’s poetry. He often returns to the mead hall to listen to it. One night while he is listening, he hears the story of Cain and Abel, including the Danes explanation of Grendel. His reaction to this leads to one of his most dramatic emotional reactions: â€Å"I believed him. Such was the power of the Shaper’s harp! Stood wriggling my face, letting tears down my nose, grinding my fists into my elbow the corpse of the proof that both of us ere cursed, or neither, that the brothers had never lived, nor the god who judged them. ‘Waaa!’ I bawled. ‘Oh what a conversion’†(Gardner 51)! Grendel then cries for mercy from the Danes. He wants their forgiveness as well as unification with them, which represents the good in him. The Danes reject him by confusing his outburst of sorrow as an attack. After visiting with a dragon who tells Grendel a fictional version of the Shaper’s tale, Grendel continues to believe the Shaper’s story. He searches for the goodness in human beings, which was mentioned in the story. He eats people only because it provides a place for him in society, even if it is a negative position (The Two Faces of Grendel, 2). Good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf, and ultimately both wipe each other out. Good, is portrayed by God, and evil seems to be what fate has in store for the hero. Beowulf occasionally talks to God and asks God to give him strength before the battle and to give him the valor he needs to overcome his enemy. Evil seems to always get the bad side of things since it always gets conquered by God’s good side. Even though this is true, evil lives the high life for a long time. Grendel, Beowulf’s first opponent, killed thousands and thousands of men before he met his match. Evil comes from the monsters. They attack the good side by killing innocent men because they ... ...rs have a sense of alienation and just want to fit in. The point of view of the book Grendel allows the reader to see another side of Grendel. In Beowulf, Grendel is viewed as the antagonist and the evil villain. Grendel is both feared and hated in Beowulf. Upon reading Beowulf, the reader discovers Grendel as seen through the eyes of his terrified victims. King Hrothgar, leader of the Danes, fears his visits: â€Å"The renowned ruler, the prince of long famous, sat empty of joy; strong in might, he suffered, sorrowed for his men when they saw the track of the hateful monster, the evil spirit.† Hrothgar would dread the fatal nights when Grendel would dine on human flesh. The ruler understands that Grendel attacks his men out of spite and jealousy (The Two Faces of Grendel, 1). In reading Grendel and Beowulf, one can find many similarities in the way the events occur in the books, however because of contrasting points of view, the reader gets insight on the entire picture from two different sides. This allows the reader to better understand each book and its contents, such as their beliefs and the concept of good and evil, and acknowledge the ways the character Grendel can be described.

Puss in Boots by Charles Perrault Essay -- Fairy Tale Children Story

Charles Perrault’s classic fairy-tale Puss-in-Boots has been admired and loved by children and adults alike for centuries. This engaging tale features a walking, talking cat who goes out into the world to make his young master’s fortune. It is an adventure of the side-kick hero, of the loyal friend and devoted underling who has only his own exquisite wit and industriousness to help him on his quest. It is also a story with one of the most enigmatic and perplexing protagonists in fairy-tale culture. Puss is a feline who embodies ancient cat symbols in a uniquely paradoxical fashion; he is a female entity in a male character as well as a magical and demonic totem who is perceived as such by only a select few. Cats have always had a powerful feminine aspect to their image. This is little surprise considering the number of ancient cultures who associated cats with goddess worship. The Egyptians placed a cat’s head upon their goddess Bast, both the Greeks and Romans made cats attributes of their virgin huntress goddesses Artemis and Diana, and the Norse goddess Freya drove a chariot drawn by cats (Walker 367). As Hans Bierdermann comments, one can see â€Å"the frequent feline metaphors in misogynist expressions and clichà ©s: ‘a cat fight’ between two women, a ‘catty remark...’† (60). One may then ask about Perrault’s motives behind using a female symbol in the creation of the male Puss. Upon close inspection of the text, the need for the feminine cat becomes evident, and is addressed right at the beginning of the story. The cat must immediately be seen as a relatively useless thing, incapable of the heavy labour needed to generate a reasonable living, unlike the mill or the ass bestowed upon the two ol... ...e Meanings Behind Them. Trans. James Hulbert. New York: Facts on File Inc, 1992 Julien, Nadia. The Mammoth Dictionary of Symbols: Understanding the Hidden Language of Symbols. London: Robinson Publishing, 1996. Morgan, Jeanne. Perrault’s Morals for Moderns. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 1985. Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. â€Å"Puss in Boots.† The Classic Fairy Tales. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. 142 - 146. Perrault, Charles. â€Å"Puss-in-Boots.† Folk and Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. Ed. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. 155 - 159. Walker, Barbara G. The Woman’s Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Zipes, Jack. â€Å"Of Cats and Men.† Out of the Woods: The Origins of Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France. Ed. Nancy L. Canepa. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997. 176 - 193.

Mrs. Hamilton

Gender and Development Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms â€Å"sex† and â€Å"gender† need to be understood. The term â€Å"sex† denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia.The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a person's biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish â€Å"gender. † Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to one’s biological sex. The sex of a ne wborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life.Overall, the sex differences between boys and girls in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their son's emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters' outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as gentle and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline.They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. â€Å"Children see what their parents do. Children learn when they try to imitate their parents (Putnam, Myers-Walis; Love, p. 1). † For example, a boy may g row up seeing his father fix things around the house and his mother being the one who always cooks dinner. Parents may also assign specific chores to the children according to sex, thus reinforcing gender roles in their development. Another way a parent influences gender development is by what they say to their children. Making comments about girls do this or boys do that supports the gender stereotypes.Gender roles development is crucial around ages 2-6 years when children are becoming aware of their gender, where play styles and behaviors begin to crystallize around that core identify of â€Å"I am a girl† or â€Å"I am a boy. † Typically males have been thought to be more aggressive than males; however, in a study reported by the American Psychological Association, Inc. , reveals â€Å"our interpretation of these results emphasizes that aggression sex difference are a function of perceived consequences of aggression that are learned as aspects of gender roles and o ther social roles (Eagly; Steffen, 1986). How a parent teaches the child and role models aggression, play, chores, and toys may have more of a factor of gender roles than being biologically male or female. The areas of gender differences include brain development where there are fewer connections between hemispheres, right brain reliance on space/movement, single focus, sexual response, and emotional response. Males hear less at higher decibels then females and tend to hear better in one ear than the other.Testosterone levels are different as well including a correlation between the amount of testosterone and higher energy and aggression, sex drive, and higher amounts throughout the teenaged years. â€Å"Male babies, on average, are born slightly longer and heavier than female babies. Newborn girls, on the other hand, have slightly more mature skeletons and are a bit more responsive to touch (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 188). † By age 2 ? , most children can readily distinguish bet ween male and female, and accurately answer the question of whether they are a boy or a girl. Gender-role stereotypes are fixed ideas about appropriate male and female behavior (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 189). † Distinguishing between feminine and masculine appears to be shared in almost every culture, although cultures may differ in their definitions of what masculinity and femininity entail. Children's concepts of gender depend in part on the child's cognitive development. A 3-year-old boy might put on a dress and now believe he has turned into a girl, whereas a 5-year-old boy now may understand that his sex is not going to change, which is referred to as gender constancy (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 89). Developing gender identity is partly a result of models and rewards. Again, what a child sees and hears growing up about male and female appropriateness will shape their gender personality and roles for the future. In William Pollack's book Real Boys, he talks about boys in America b eing in crisis and teen-aged girls losing their voice, mostly as a result of society's stereotypes about girls and boys. Pollack talks about boys and men wearing masks of masculinity to hide their true inner feelings.Boys are being taught, at a young age, to be tough, act like a man, and if you display feelings you are considered weak or other assorted names given to men who show vulnerability. These stereotypes are limiting and are hindering the development of children. As a society, we push boys into grown-up roles faster than their female counterparts. Moms and dads on the whole begin pushing their boys away by less hugs and kisses at an earlier age than girls (Pollack, 1999). In a study done on drawings of grade-school aged children, there were vast differences in the subject matter the participants drew.Boys' drawings contained a profusion of violence, of villainy, and of vehicles; girls' drawings were full of benign animals, bugs and flowers. In the drawings, boys seem more in fluenced at this age by the media in drawings of superheroes, whereas the girls depicted more domestic-type scenes (McClure-Vollrath, 2006). During the feminist movement, there was a theme that men were â€Å"the problem† and women were â€Å"the oppressed. † By characterizing gender this way, development can fail to address effectively the issues of equity and empowerment that are crucial in bringing about positive change.Gender bias's and roles are ultimately power relations (Cornwall, 1997, p. 8). Through the feminist movement, many people changed their ways of thinking surrounding men and women, but there is still room for re-thinking when it comes to boys. Boys get mixed messages, â€Å"to be manly but empathetic, cool but open, strong yet vulnerable. † Society has come a long way in liberating girls and women from the gender straightjacket. There is still room for improvement to break down the roles our boys are forced into by letting them own their feelin gs and communicating with them in a way that allows them to express their fears and distress.Gender identity normally develops in children by about age 3, when they most often are able to identify themselves as boys or girls. People with gender identity disorder or â€Å"gender dysphoria† can remember as early as age 5 as having feelings of being born in the wrong body or wanting to be the opposite of their biological bodies reveal. â€Å"Children who deviate from the socially prescribed behavioral norms for boy or girl children are quickly pushed back in line by parental figures. Behaviors, mannerisms, and play that appears to be gender nonconforming to a parent may feel perfectly normal to the child (Mallon; DeCrescenzo, 2006). Western society continues to reward parents for conforming their children into their gender roles by buying Barbie's for girls and dump trucks for boys, even if they have asked for something different. Sexual orientation is different from, and not d etermined by, one's gender identity. In most cases, the onset of gender identity disorder can be traced back to childhood. In an interview with a 46-year-old male who struggled with gender dysphoria all of his life, he reports as early as 5-years-old he was dressing up in women's clothing and wished he did not have a penis.After years of therapy and insight into his disorder, he has been able to attribute his confusion to some things that were said in his home at an early age. He remembers his mother saying that she was convinced when he was in her womb that he was a girl, and she would often tell him that he should have been a girl. He remembers people telling him how â€Å"pretty† he was and that he would have made a beautiful girl. All of these things contributed to his confusion about his gender at a very young age. He never felt â€Å"attached† to his mother, and later he would find out that his mother would just let him lie in his crib and cry as an infant.He rep orted that his mother had his 1-year-old brother and 4-year-old sister to look after, and she was too busy to take care of a fussy baby. He said he spent most of his life trying to establish masculinity as society and family would see it, so that nobody would know the terror and confusion he lived with on a daily basis. Eventually, he would decide that his only way out would be suicide, he thought then the pain would finally end. God did not allow him to take his life and instead he found his value in Christ and was set free from his pain and found acceptance of who he was in Christ.He started going to therapy and completely turning his life around, living as a man, and finally finding gender acceptance rather than dysphoria (Robbins, 2011). Roles of home environment, peers, and teachers in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study done cross-culturally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys.In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a child's development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as people are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop.

What Is Practical Work In Science Education Essay

Practical work is viewed by the huge bulk of scientific discipline instructors, as an indispensable and built-in portion of scientific discipline instruction. In fact, many regard it as an indispensable facet of being a ‘science instructor ‘ ( Donnolly 1998 from reappraisal Practical work effectivity in primary/sec schools Abraham ) . Practical work can embrace many different constituents, which can be divided into two chief groups as described in Woodley E, ( 2009 ) , as follows: 1 ) Core activities: These include ‘hands-on ‘ activities such as different probes, research lab techniques and processs, every bit good as fieldwork. These types of activities can assist heighten the development of pupils ‘ practical research lab accomplishments, every bit good as assisting them to understand cardinal scientific constructs and phenomena. 2 ) Directly related activities: These are closely connected to the above nucleus activities, and include practical presentations performed by the instructor, planning and planing scientific probes and analysis of informations. In add-on, some argue that other activities such as usage of computing machine simulations, modeling, usage of studies, presentations, group treatment and function dramas can besides represent what is meant by the term practical activity ( SCORE, 2008 ) . However, others would differ, and believe these activities would non come under the practical activity ‘umbrella ‘ , and instead that they should be used complementarily alongside other practical activities, instead than be a replacement for them ( Woodley, E ) . Millar described a practical activity as ‘Any scientific discipline instruction and acquisition activity which at some point involves the pupils, working separately or in little groups, in detecting or pull stringsing objects to develop understanding ‘ . ( Millar ( 2009 ) ) . It is described in The National Strategies as: ‘Any activity that enables students to hold direct, frequently hands-on, experience of the phenomena they are analyzing ‘ . ( The National Strategies ( 2008 ) ) . In fact the undermentioned citation from SCORE underpins what many believe about the importance of practical work in scientific discipline: ‘Science without practical is like swimming without H2O ‘ . ( SCORE, 2008 ) . Therefore, irrespective of how practical work is defined, or what activities are thought to represent it, it can be seen as a cardinal portion of how scientific discipline should be taught in schoolsWhat is the Purpose of Practical Work?The chief intents of practical work are to prosecute pupils, helping them to develop many of import accomplishments. In fact, practical work can back up larning in a battalion of ways runing from ‘Personal acquisition and believing accomplishments ‘ to ‘How scientific discipline plants ‘ ( E Woodley ) -See Figure 1. The overruling rule, nevertheless is ‘to make links between the concrete and abstract universes ‘ . ( Reflecting on practical work ) . Figure 1. Different ways practical work can back up acquisition: Figure taken from E.Woodley ( original = Figure 1 How practical work supports scientific discipline ( From Geting practical: a model for practical scientific discipline in schools ( SCORE, 2009a ) p. 7 )From reading the literature, it is clear that the different grounds and principles for transporting out practical work in scientific discipline can be classified into three chief countries ( see below ) , as discussed in ( Practical Work in School Science: Which Way Now? Jerry Wellington ) :Arguments for and against the usage of practical work in scientific discipline:1 ) . Cognitive statements: It is thought that practical activities can associate to knowledge and understanding ( the cognitive sphere ) by assisting to beef up pupils ‘ conceptual apprehension of scientific discipline by enabling them to visualize and do sense of different scientific Torahs and theories, frequently back uping learnt theory work.2 ) . Affectional spheres: This relates to the enjoyment and motivational facets of practical work. Practical work is frequently used to bring forth involvement and enthusiasm amongst pupils, and is thought to help pupils in retrieving thing s ; ‘making things stick ‘ . In fact, reports show that in footings of how pupils rate the enjoyability of school scientific discipline activities, the three top rated were: ‘going on a scientific discipline trip ( 85 % ) , looking at pictures ( 75 % ) and making a scientific discipline experiment ( 71 % ) , back uping the position that practical work is so extremely motivational ( Dillion J ) . 3 ) . Skills statement: The last of the three chief principles for practical work is that it can assist develop many movable accomplishments, as illustrated in Figure 1 above. However, characterizing the existent value and intent of practical work is a really hard undertaking and divides sentiment across the scientific discipline instruction profession. In fact there are many statements and counter statements for and against practical work in scientific discipline. Counter responses to the cognitive statement include the thought that practical work can frequently confound instead than better pupils ‘ apprehension ( particularly if the practical does non travel to program ) . In add-on Scott and Leach propose that practical work is non a good attack to learn theory, proposing that theories comprise abstract thoughts which can non be demonstrated physically: ‘ In the context of the school research lab it is clear that pupils can non develop an apprehension through their ain observations, as the theoretical entities of scientific discipline are non at that place to be seen ‘ . ( Taken from Wellington book- Leach and Scott 1995:48 ) Arguments against the affectional statement include the impression that many pupils are merely turned off at the thought and chance of making practicals. There is besides grounds bespeaking that boys bask practical work more so than misss, and therefore misss can frequently be less enthusiastic and motivated compared to boys making the same practical undertaking. ( Wellington ) . Counter statements to the proposal that practical work can develop many movable accomplishments besides exist. These include the statement that group work within practical scientific discipline frequently does non better cardinal accomplishments such as communicating and interaction, as widely believed, but when studied more closely, frequently consequences in more forceful pupils ‘ ruling the undertaking, ensuing in deficiency of enjoyment and battle for some and the demotion of some pupils to simple median undertakings, such as pulling out tabular arraies or entering consequences without any existent engagement in the practical activity themselves. ( Wellington ) . Many other scientific discipline instruction professionals make claims of the ‘overselling ‘ of the scientific discipline instruction in footings of construct that scientific discipline practical work can develop many movable accomplishments. The thought that these accomplishments can add value to pupils and help them on their chosen calling waies have been discredited by some. In fact, Ausubel in the 1960 ‘s argued that any practical undertaking that can give rise to the application of accomplishments required for many subjects, is merely non specific plenty to turn to the peculiar scientific probe being addressed: ‘Grand schemes of find do non look to be movable across disciplines..it barely seems plausible that a scheme of enquiry, which must needfully be wide adequate to be applicable to a broad scope of subjects and jobs, can of all time hold sufficient peculiar relevancy to be helpful in the solution of the particular job at manus ‘ . ( Wellington, Ausubel 1964:298 ) . Therefore, there is much argument sing the usage of practical work within the instruction and acquisition of scientific discipline in schools. The cardinal inquiry here truly is to make with knowledge and how we get cognition. i.e. : How do we understand the universe and do sense of it in our caputs? ( Miller R, 2004 ) . One important reply to this came from Jean Piaget, who is credited as the innovator of the constructivist theory of cognizing. He argued that we construct of all time more complicated and sophisticated representations of the universe. This is through modifying our bing apprehensions ( or scheme ; a structured bunch of constructs ) through our actions on the universe around us. If Piaget is right, so the usage of practical work in detecting and step ining in the universe must be critical for our apprehension of scientific discipline ( R Miller 2004 ) .The effectivity of practical work in scientific disciplineAs discussed above, many scientific discipline instructors a nd other scientific discipline instruction professionals believe that practical work in the instruction of scientific discipline in schools is critical for assisting pupils learn and retrieve things more clearly. However, as besides noted there are statements proposing that practical work is really non all that effectual at accomplishing these purposes. A outstanding citation from Osborne ( 1998 ) inquiries the effectivity of practical work in the acquisition of scientific discipline, stating that practical work: ‘ has merely a limited function to play in larning scientific discipline and that much of it is of small educational value ‘ ( p. 156. from Miller 2004 reappraisal ) . Much of the decisions of research into the effectivity of practical work remain slightly equivocal. Research carried out in the 1980 ‘s by Hewson and Hewson ( 1983 ) , in which In add-on, others have argued that the manner in which practical work is practised is frequently the cause of its ineffectualness, and possibly, therefore the type of practical work used, and the manner it is used should be analysed, instead than merely stating that all practical work is uneffective. Hence if we are interested in looking at the effectivity of practical work in scientific discipline, the specific practical work used, or planning to be used need to be really carefully planned and thought out. A cardinal consideration here is really what is meant by the term ‘effectiveness ‘ .A model for judging the effectivity of practical workTheobald in the 1960 ‘s argued that scientific theory must ever be taught first and is required in order to visualize: ‘Experience does non give constructs intending, if anything constructs give experience significance ‘ ( J Wellington ) .