The Article Why Students Hate School Lunch By Kate Murphy

Every weekday in America millions of kids and teens line up in their schools to buy a lunch. Many of those students buying lunch typically do not even enjoy what they are given. The article â€Å"Why Students Hate School Lunch† by Kate Murphy argues about why students are wasting much if their meals due to recent health changes whereas the article â€Å"Why Some Schools Are Saying ‘No Thanks’ to the School-Lunch Program† by Alexandra Sifferlin argues on why schools are dropping the new health programs because students are wasting food or not buying at all. Looking at both articles they both question and argue why schools and students are not satisfied with the Healthy Hunger-Free Act of 2012. This act is causing students to not eat school lunches and money to be wasted. Both articles argue against the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act but the difference between the two articles explain is that one argues a student’s opinion versus the other that explains the economic effect it takes on schools. In Murphy’s article she argues how students are not satisfied with these changes over the past few years. She argues how students are wasting their food and money due to the Health, Hunger Free Act. â€Å"Food and nutrition directors at school districts nationwide say that their trash cans are overflowing while their cash register receipts are diminishing as children either toss out the healthier meals or opt to brown-bag it.†( Murphy, She argues how this act causes students waste most of their lunchesShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−CurphyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages xvi CONTENTS P R E FA C E What’s New in This Edition? Based on suggestions from reviewers, instructors, and students we have made a number of changes in the eighth edition of Developing Management Skills. †¢ Added new skill assessments in Chapter 1 and a new case in Chapter 3. †¢ Revised parts of the book to reflect suggestions and feedback from instructors and students. †¢ Clarified instructions for scoring skill assessments and updated the comparison data for each assessment. †¢ UpdatedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics Model 263 Ethical Dilemma Spitting Mad 264 Case Incident 1 Multitasking: A Good Use of Your Time? 264 Case Incident 2 Bonuses Can Backfire 265 3 9 The Group Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Defining and Classifying Groups 272 Why Do People Form Groups? 272 Stages of Group Development 274 The Five-Stage Model 275 †¢ An Alternative Model for Temporary Groups with Deadlines 276 Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness, and Diversity 277 Group Property 1: RolesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthe seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective managementRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessuch strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake additional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above. ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focus

Napoleon Bonaparte A Powerful Person Of The French...

Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most powerful person of the French Revolution. Today, many countries world-wide still remember his name because observing his legacy; his name will be forever in the human history. â€Å"Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. He died in 1821, on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Napoleon was the most distinguished leaders in the history of the West† (â€Å"Napoleon†). According to the article, Napoleon’s dreams were to organize France by creating new reforms to make France more organized with self-regulations. One of the most admirable concepts that he had was his perseverance to reach his achievements to make the changes in France, which were in education, law, and finance. Napoleon’s goals were to establish reforms to organize education, law, finance, and religion. Furthermore, he was well know as a revolutionary military with experience in organization, training, and go od administrators in the government. He decided to develop the following reform, which he considered as a very important basis for the government. Napoleon built many new lycees, schools for boys age 10 to 16. He recognized the importance of education in producing citizens capable of filling positions in his bureaucracy and military. Although he did not create a system of mass education, education was more available to the middle class than it ever had been before. (â€Å"Reforms†). According to the article, this step wasShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution: Napoleon Essay954 Words   |  4 Pages The French Revolution was a period of social and political turmoil in France from 1789 to 1799 that greatly affected modern and French history. It marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy, individual rights and nationalism. This revolution came with many consequences because of the strive for power and wealth, but also had many influential leaders attempting to initiate change in the French government and the economy. In 1789 the people of France dismissed King Louis XVIRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte As A Multi Faceted Genius1094 Words   |  5 PagesNour Ziena Mrs. Mackenzie CLN4U 2016-03-28 Introduction Throughout history, men have always been able to conquer different lands. But of these men â€Å"The Little Corporal also known as Napoleon Bonaparte was able to cast a long shadow, from Holland to Egypt, from Moscow to Cadiz. The code Napoleon still remains with us, as the Arc de Triomphe and the memory of a multi-faceted genius. Throughout the history Europe, kings and dictators have been infamous for their voracious desire for control and completeRead MoreRollercoaster of Arts and Architecture Brought About by Napolean Bonaparte1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. 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This outline, one of the most important underlying documents of equality within the French Revolution, began to appear all over Europe. The articles within the declaration wereRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte as a Military Leader600 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte as a Military Leader There have been many successful military leaders throughout history, but no leader has ever conquered the entire world. Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the best leaders of all time, nearly achieved this goal. Although his conquest for power and territory were beneficial to France, it did not have the same effect on Europe. As a self-appointed emperor, Napoleon was known as an extraordinary military field general and an effective reformer. His political policy furtheredRead MoreNapoleon And The Enlightenment1214 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon And The Enlightenment The enlightenment was a time of great learning throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Although the period is significant for scientific and other scholastic advancements, it is most important because it allowed for the opening of great minds--such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte. Shortly after this enlightenment made its way through Europe, revolution and civil war ripped through France between 1879 and 1899. The unrest of the time called for a strong rulerRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte and The French Revolution2105 Words   |  8 PagesNapoleon and The French revolution Napoleon Bonaparte was a visionary to some, and a ruthless ruler to others. The purpose of the French revolution was to free the oppressed and stop the bloodshed that was occurring in France. The real question is whether Napoleon was the legitimate heir to the visions of the French revolution. Napoleon was in essence a very powerful man that took control of France but threw out many of the ideals of the French Revolution. His actions during his takeover whereRead MoreNapoleon and the Enlightenment Essay examples974 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleon and the Enlightenment The enlightenment was a time of great learning throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Although the period is significant for scientific and other scholastic advancements, it is most important because it allowed for the opening of great minds#8212;such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte. Shortly after this enlightenment made its way through Europe, revolution and civil war ripped through France between 1879 and 1899. The unrest of the time called forRead MoreEssay Napoleon Bonaparte1290 Words   |  6 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon Bonaparte is considered to be one of the greatest conquers and captains of modern times. In history perhaps no one person has ever aroused so many intense opposite emotions. Perhaps no one had ever claimed as much of the admiration, fear, and hatred of all men as did Napoleon. Napoleon was a man with many sides. He started many of his challenging voyages and defeats as a young child and they continued throughout his life. He had many accomplishments and manyRead MoreThe French Revolution1909 Words   |  8 Pagesdictator, however, created a legacy that any person would know and created an ideology that is used in almost all first world countries, and many other second war countries now as well. This dictator is Napoleon Bonaparte. He is a catalyst for change because he created a dominant army from the scraps of the French Revolution, which led to his dominance throughout Europe, creating a lasting principle that most people now think of it as a norm. The French Government was rapidly losing power during

Concept of Purchasing Management

Question: Describe about the concept of purchasing management. Answer: Introduction The study elucidates the concept of purchasing management by concentrating on three key aspects. These three key aspects include supplier selection criteria and related issues, use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and purchasing cost analysis. The prime purpose of this study is to discuss the topic in brief manner trough analyzing these three aspects. In order to establish a clear concept, the study has chosen a case study. Here, the researcher has been appointed as purchasing manager in the company 7-Elevent Convenient Store in Singapore. The study analyzes as well as discusses about the purchasing management of this particular organization. Figure 1: Logo of the Company (Source: corp.7-eleven.com, 2016) The company 7-Eleven is an international chain of convenience stores that headquartered in Dallas, city of United States (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). In the year 1982, the company has started the trend of convenience stores in Singapore (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). From the year of 1984, the outlets of this company continued to increase in a difficult time of business market when other chains found difficulties in expanding their business (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). The products it offers, include Big Gulp beverages, partially frozen soft drinks, carbonated beverages, Slurpee drinks, energy drinks, 7-Select private brand products, coffee, sandwiches, some other prepared foods, dairy products, bakery items and so on (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). Along with that, they provide financial services and product delivery services (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). As per the record of 2016, it has 58,300 stores across the world (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). They supply their products and services in 17 countri es that are located in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). The major competitors of this company in Singapore market include Dairy Farms Cold Storage supermarkets and Giant Hypermarket. Their vision statement states that their long term goal is to become the best retailer on convenience (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). Apart from this, their mission statement states that they aim to offer products as per the changing needs and expectations of the customers. Supplier selection criteria and issues In this context, it is important to mention that 52% of its supply includes foods and beverages and 48% includes the non food items (corp.7-eleven.com, 2016). Akehurst Alexander (2013) discussed that the company is running their business with over 1000 suppliers. The major suppliers of this company include CocaCola, PG, Unilever, Nestle, Pepsi, Arnotts, Quaker, and many more. The code of conduct of 7-Eleven is placed in between the respective company and the suppliers by relying on the strong Suppliers Agreements. Through Franchise Agreements, the respective organization completes all financial transactions with franchisees. Without the 7-Elevens express permission, no payment can be made directly to the franchisees (Lin, Marshall Dawson, 2013). Akehurst Alexander (2013) explained the selection criteria of the organization. It is discussed that fair and lawful deal must be made between the parties. In order to establish a good trading relationship with the suppliers, it is importa nt to build fair and lawful deal. In the rules of fair dealing of this company, they mentioned that no delivery and payment issues would be there. Along with that, the al the deals would be made for the betterment of the business. Besides, no personal conflicts of interest are allowed by the principle of fair dealing. As opined by Verma (2014), the supplier selection criteria is the factors depend on which the retailers make the supplier selection decisions. Based on these criteria, the retailers decide which supplier purchases will be made. Being the purchasing manager of 7-Eleven, the researcher indentifies that the organization has 30 supplier selection criteria, among which 10 receive the most priority. The supplier selection criteria of the respective company include procurement price, product quality, product consistency, food safety, product return and complaints policy, quantity discount and allowance, on-time delivery, professionalism of salespeople and delivery reliability. The purchasing goal of the respective organization is directly related to the sales goal. Their purchasing goal is to make large deals with the suppliers whose products have high demand in the market. Furthermore, their purchasing goal is to meet the sales target. Being the purchasing manager of the company, the researcher states that the business is presently confronting some issues in their supplier selection process. They are facing price and level of service oriented issues. Chai, Liu Ngai (2013) stated that the firms always want to purchase commodities at lower possible prices so that they would able to attract customers by selling lower priced commodities. The respective organization face challenges in selecting the suppliers by balancing the prices and quality. In order to provide recommendation, the researcher suggests that the company should conscious about the product quality more than the product price. This would help them to confront fewer dilemmas in selection process. In this context, it is important to mention that the reputation and financial stability o f the business might be hampered if they concentrate more on selecting the suppliers that supply low priced products (Verma, 2014). Furthermore, they are confronting issues regarding the level of service. Some of the suppliers are delaying in supplying their products. The researcher suggests that the company should make the terms and conditions more strong. This might help them to eliminate or restrain the issues. ICT for purchasing operations In the prior section, the purchasing goal of the organization has been mentioned. Monczka et al. (2015) defined that the purchasing operations are the management functions of purchasing commodities from external sources. The purchase department of the respective organization purchase final commodities from large organizations and resale their products. Apart from this, the business purchase raw materials from the suppliers in order to manufacture their own products. The purchasing management of the organization look over the supplier selection, relation with suppliers and the sense of the suppliers in maintaining the terms and conditions of the deals (Rodrguez-Escobar Gonzlez-Benito, 2015). All the purchasing activities are managed as well as monitored by the purchasing management body of the organization. The entire purchasing operations depend on the decision made by purchasing managers. The prime responsibility of the managers is to handle the most crucial area of the organizatio nal operations and takes decisions to maximize the profitability (Chicksand et al. 2012). The purchasing management department of 7-Eleven is involved in inventory management. It ensures that the orders that the organization has made are received or would be received within certain time period. Along with controlling the inventory level, the purchasing management controls the cost of purchasing products from the suppliers. As the business is confronting issues in supplier selection criteria, it is very obvious that they face complexities in purchasing management too. Being the purchasing manager of the respective organization, the researcher brings out some suggestions in order to improve their purchasing management. The researcher recommends incorporating the information and communication technology (ICT) which is the extended term of information technology (IT). Following the statement of Bloom et al. (2014), sometimes the open sourcing programs and trending social network sites create more challenges for the purchasing managers to keep up may market changes. Thus, the ICT helps the managers to maintain the purchasing streamline processes. Through this technology, the managers are able to obtain and access necessary data and information. Jones et al. (2014) added in this context that ICT helps to computerize the shipping and tracking records. Through keeping the records by using internet based software, the organization would able to reduce the shipping errors. Besides, it would help to keep the track information of the suppliers. Through check ing the records, they can handle the situations more effectively that they face because of delaying the supply. Furthermore, the software would allow the managers to manage and organize the inventory data digitally. Some other reasons are there based on which the researcher recommended it. According to Chesley (2014), this technique would help the managers to reduce the time they spend in inventory management and keeping track information. Besides, the company spends much in receiving, compiling and managing the data. ICT would reduce both the time and money as well. As per the statement of Liu et al. (2014), RFID (Radio Frequency Distribution) is one of the most effective information technologies that are widely used by many of the organizations. This particular technology provides large number of benefits to the business. The purchasing managers can easily track the inventory records through placing the RFID chips in every product. Purchasing cost analysis As explained by Pettersson Segerstedt (2013), the cost analysis process is the breakdown of constituent costs. The degree of the sophistication of breakdown process depends on the importance of purchase. In context of this case study, the researcher has found that the managers need to identify the cost of raw materials, production, logistics, indirect and overhead processes. The purchasing management considers product packaging, advertising, marketing, and sales expenses in their indirect category. It is essential for the researcher to analyze the cost management of the organization in order to achieve the purchasing goals. The researcher has found that the purchasing cost has been increasing with small proportion and it is neglected. The reason behind this is the issues faced in term selecting the suppliers. The purchasing cost is analyzed by gathering the information regarding the orders they made to the suppliers. In this study, the researcher suggested to incorporate ICT in orde r to improve the purchasing management. Further, the researcher states that this technology would help the managers in cost analysis too. Through this technique, the managers are able to generate the future cost (Bloom et al., 2014). Thus, it can be stated that through analyzing the cost, they would able to maintain their inventory, orders, and future purchasing cost. The computerized information would help the managers in determining the cost and maintain their budget. In such a case, if the purchasing cost increases, the cost analysis process would help the managers to reduce the cost (Jones et al., 2014). However, it is important to mention that this particular technique help to analyze the cost during or after the purchases. In this context, the researcher suggests to incorporate four essential tools in purchasing cost analysis process to determine the future cost. These four tools include analogous estimating tool, parametric estimating tool, bottom up estimating tool, and three point estimating tool. Mishan (2015) opined that the analogous estimating tool is used when little information about the products are there. Though, this particular tool does not provide reliable cost estimation but it gives a probable estimated cost figure. On the other way, the parametric estimation is used when the retailer purchase same products with same amount (Drury, 2013). Based on the previous cost figure, the managers can estimate the future cost. The three point estimating tool is used to identify the biases and uncertainties in cost functions. Monczka et al. (2015) stated that the bottom up estimating tool is the most useful tool that gives more accurate outcome of cost estimation. Being the purchasing manager of the organization, the researcher decides to put more focus on the analogous estimating tool and bottom up estimating tool. Conclusion The study concludes that the respective organization confronts some issues and complexities in their supplier selection. As the researcher is appointed as the purchasing managers in the respective organization, a number of recommendations are suggested by the researcher. The study has found that the organization has 30 supplier selection criteria among which 10 are prioritized by the organization. Further, it concludes that the organization confronts price and level of supply related issues. Against the problems present in the organization, certain recommendations are made. The researcher suggested that the organization need to pay heed on the quality of products rather than the price. Further, the purchasing management can be improved by incorporating information and communication technology. Their prime goal in purchasing management is to make deal with the suppliers that have good market reputation. It has been found that their offered products have high market demand and thus it would be profitable for the business. Besides, the study concludes that the respective organization needs to incorporate certain tools and techniques to improve the cost analysis process. Through analyzing the business, it has been found that the cost analysis is an essential activity as both the reputation and profitability is based on this factor. Reference List About Us - 7-Eleven Corporate. (2016). Corp.7-eleven.com. Retrieved 15 June 2016, Akehurst, G., Alexander, N. (Eds.). (2013).The internationalisation of retailing. Routledge. Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. Chai, J., Liu, J. N., Ngai, E. W. (2013). Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3872-3885. Chesley, N. (2014). Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress.Work, Employment Society, 0950017013500112. Chicksand, D., Watson, G., Walker, H., Radnor, Z., Johnston, R. (2012). Theoretical perspectives in purchasing and supply chain management: an analysis of the literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(4), 454-472. Drury, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer. Jones, P., Simmons, G., Packham, G., Beynon-Davies, P., Pickernell, D. (2014). An exploration of the attitudes and strategic responses of sole-proprietor micro-enterprises in adopting information and communication technology.International Small Business Journal,32(3), 285-306. Lin, C. Y., Marshall, D., Dawson, J. (2013). How Does Perceived Convenience Retailer Innovativeness Create Value for the Customer?.International Journal of Business and Economics,12(2), 171. Liu, X., Shannon, J., Voun, H., Truijens, M., Chi, H. L., Wang, X. (2014). Spatial and temporal analysis on the distribution of active radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking accuracy with the kriging method.Sensors,14(11), 20451-20467. Mishan, E. J. (2015).Elements of Cost-Benefit Analysis (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Pettersson, A. I., Segerstedt, A. (2013). Measuring supply chain cost.International Journal of Production Economics,143(2), 357-363. Rodrguez-Escobar, J. A., Gonzlez-Benito, J. (2015). The role of information technology in purchasing function.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,30(5), 498-510. Verma, R. K. (2014). Implementation of interpretive structural model and topsis in manufacturing industries for supplier selection.

The Five Key Points to Effective Management in a Global Enterprise

Introduction The most critical issue in the contemporary world is how to manage organizations effectively in the wake of the rapid global changes. In global enterprises, technology is changing at a remarkably fast rate and this trend calls for the management to redesign its organization to remain relevant. Competition is increasing in global enterprises as organizations aim at gaining competitive advantage over others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Five Key Points to Effective Management in a Global Enterprise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different enterprises should change their manner of management in order to respond quickly to global changes. The organization needs to change its processes, structures, systems, and personnel from the inflexible modes to ones that can adapt quickly to global changes (Hunsker, Alessandra, 1980, p.54). The transformation of the organization is a crucial step t o effective management and remaining on the lead in the global world. Effective management in a global enterprise involves the use of new management philosophies. The management philosophies start with the top management in the organization. The managers should apply current styles of leadership to lead the corporation. Behavior of management in the workplace determines the effectiveness of employees. The manners in which organizations manage change show the ability of the firm to survive in a global environment. Effective management in a global enterprise is essential to remain competitive. It is necessary to consider various issues in managing a global enterprise. This paper describes five key points to effective management in a global enterprise. These points include workplace diversity, effective communication, employee motivation, ethics, and change management. Workplace diversity It is necessary for managers to consider diversity in the workplace to manage organizations effect ively. A global enterprise faces diversity in the form of â€Å"age, race, religion, job title, training experience, competency, and culture† (Mor-Barak, 2005, p.67). Management should address these diverse issues among employees in the organization to ensure effectiveness.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a global enterprise, management should aim at achieving unity in diversity at the workplace among employees. While workplace diversity may bring many advantages to the organization, it also has its shortcomings. Therefore, management should take the onus to use diversity in a global enterprise to influence change and enhance the effectiveness. Understanding diversity in the workplace is essential because it enables the enterprise to offer a broad range of services. The collection of different of skills and experiences such as languages allow an enterprise to offer services to customers on a global perspective. An enterprise with a diverse workforce is manageable effectively because employees provide a pool of ideas. The organization is thus able to choose the best alternative from among the ideas for effective management. Enterprises, which encourage workplace diversity, motivate employees to perform to their best level (Mor-Barak, 2005, p.101). In the end, the organization achieves effectiveness. To address challenges of diversity in a global enterprise, an organization should develop a workable plan. This plan should ensure equal opportunities for all employees in the organization irrespective of race, gender, culture, religion or disability. The organization should involve all employees in the plan and include their views on the plan. Consideration of diversity in the workplace is a key step to effective management in a global enterprise. Employees gain motivation if their differences are in consideration. They work towards achie vement of the enterprises goals because they put more effort in their duties. Effective communication A global enterprise comprises of people from different backgrounds and with different viewpoints. Without effective communication, it is not possible to manage a global enterprise. Communication is always an issue in organizations and management should aim at improving it. Communication facilitates many things in the organization from productivity to morale of employees. For effective communication, it is crucial to balance between listening and speaking (Heller, 1999, p.89). Communication is a two way process; hence, listening to the sender or receiver of the message is as vital as speaking.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Five Key Points to Effective Management in a Global Enterprise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A global enterprise goes through various processes and, therefore, failure to comm unicate instructions effectively may bring disastrous effects. The flow of communication should be clear in the enterprise to avoid misunderstandings between the management and employees. In addition, it is crucial to communicate both the good and the bad in an enterprise for effective management. Sometimes managers avoid communicating unwelcome news to employees in the organization because they are afraid of the reaction (Adair, 2011, p.123). However, hiding this information may have adverse consequences to the organization. With rapid changes occurring in global enterprises today, all information is crucial. Management should find effective ways of communicating different information to employees. Management should encourage feedback from employees after giving information. Communication is often a two way process, and for the process to be effective, information should flow laterally. Therefore, for effective management in global enterprises communication is a key to success. A g lobal enterprise cannot afford to fail because of poor communication. Management should ensure effective communication to stay in the lead in a truly competitive environment. Employee motivation Employees are the main assets in an organization. In a global enterprise, many employees demand attention because they ensure the success of the firm. Without motivation, employees perform poorly, and the result is a failure for the enterprise. In the contemporary society, people have increased skills and knowledge, and thus, if an employee does not feel comfortable in a company, he or she opts to quit. However, effective management aims at reducing the number of employee turnovers. This reduction is only possible through motivating the employees that work in the organization. A global enterprise has to remain competitive, which is possible through motivation. There are various ways of motivating employees in the organization. The prime motivator is financial rewards. These include salaries, wages, bonuses and allowances among other monetary rewards. To motivate employees, these financial rewards should be according to the qualifications and experience of the employee.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In global enterprises, the economy keeps fluctuating, meaning that management should adjust employees’ salaries to fit the economy. In addition to financial rewards, non-financial rewards are also the other motivators for employees. These include factors such as challenging work, career development, recognition, and job rotation among others (Hunsker, Alessandra, 1980, p.101). These factors encourage employees to remain in the organization and improve performance for the overall enterprise. Employees in many global enterprises demand motivation in the form of non-financial rewards. Therefore, for effective management, enterprises should put emphasis on the factors that motivate employees to improve performance. Motivation of the workforce is vital for effective management. It ensures protection of the rights of the major assets of the organization without which a firm fails. Considering the interests of employees in the organization is crucial for effective management. Ethic s Ethics is the moral principles that govern between what is right and wrong in the enterprise. Many failures of organizations occur due to neglect of ethics. Enterprises should practice ethical principles in all their operations for them to be successful. The use of technology in global enterprises has brought substantial decline in individual ethics as well as business ethics. Some enterprises use false information while advertising their products, which is a breach of ethics. Other enterprises pollute the environment from where they operate affecting the people living around them and the environment. Ethics demand that the organization protects the interests of its stakeholders first. These stakeholders include employees, customers, shareholders, creditors and the society. The organization should be accountable for all its operations, which should follow ethical principles. The ethical issues in business are becoming complex because of the global nature and diversity of many ente rprises. The complexity also increases with social, economic, political and environmental factors. Therefore, management has to keep adjusting its ethical principles to remain competitive. To foster a culture of ethical behavior in organizations, management must lead by example (Mor-Barak, 2005, p.67). If employees are expected to follow, the management should practice ethics at the top. Global enterprises rely on management and, therefore, contrary behavior leads to failure from the top to the bottom of the organization. For example, in the case of Enron Corporation, management failed to practice ethics leading to the fall of the whole company. Management from this company used inside information for their benefits and enriched themselves at the expense of the company. This case led to the fall of a global enterprise and consequently, employees and shareholders shared a terrible loss. This case represents the importance of ethics in a global enterprise for effective management. Had the management of Enron observed ethical principles, the company would have avoided the collapse. Change management Change management is crucial for all global enterprises that aim at succeeding in a dynamic environment. Managing change is a key point to effective management. Most changes in global organizations occur because of advancement in technology. Other changes include mission, strategy, operational changes and changes in the attitudes and behavior of personnel. Thus, organizations have to monitor change to remain competitive in the current business world. Organizational change should begin with understanding the current situation to determine the areas that require change and the ability to adapt to change. In managing change, management needs to understand that different people react to change differently. Therefore, mechanisms should be put in place to deal with fears associated with change. Besides, people have various expectations on the change, so management should de al with them. Change also often involves a loss, which management should consider in the process of change (Nilakant, Ramnayaran, 2006, p.94). For example, with advancement in technology, machines have replaced employees in most global enterprises. Employees do not take this replacement kindly, and they may plan to jeopardize operations of the firm. Thus for effective management, it is essential to communicate change to employees in the organization before implementing it. The management should be honest about the facts of the change to employees and give both the good and bad information about the change. Providing personal counseling to the affected employees is critical in effective management (Nilakant, Ramnarayan, 2006, p.73). Where the change requires employees to advance their skills, management should provide training classes to keep employees competitive. Therefore, to manage a global enterprise effectively, change management is a key element. Conclusion Global enterprise s often face challenges in their daily operations. It is vital for managers to find mechanisms to manage organizations effectively in order to remain competitive in a dynamic environment. Workplace diversity is a key point to consider in effective management of global enterprises. Diversity in organizations arises because of the differences in race, age, cultural background, religion or disability. Diversity in the workplace is inevitable, and management should design a plan that ensures equal opportunities for all employees irrespective of their diverse background (Mor-Barak, 2005, p.70). Employee motivation is another point for effective management. A demoralized workforce cannot perform and compete in a global environment. Organizations should motivate employees with both financial and non-financial rewards. Effective communication is vital in effective management. A global enterprise involves a diverse workforce that needs to understand the processes of the enterprise. Communica tion is crucial to pass instructions to avoid mistakes. Ethics is as valuable in organizations for success. Management should be the pioneers of ethics in the enterprise so that others can follow. Ethics involves putting the interests of stakeholders of the organization first. Ethical principles provide a guide for the overall operation of the firm. Finally, for effective management in a global enterprise, an organization should outline the right mechanisms to manage change. Changes in the enterprise are common because of the dynamic environment, especially in technology. Management should communicate change employees to because of the repercussions of the process. Therefore, to manage a global enterprise effectively, management should consider the five key points outlined above. These are workplace diversity, effective communication, employee motivation, ethics, and change management. References Adair, J. (2011). Effective Communication: The Most Important Management Skill of All. USA: Pan Macmillan. Heller, R. (1999). Essential Managers: Communicate Clearly. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. Hunsker, L., Alessandra, A.J. (1980). The Art of Managing People. New York: Simon Schuster, Inc. Mor-Barak, M. E. (2005). Managing Diversity: Toward A Globally Inclusive Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Nilakant, V., Ramnarayan, S. (2006). Change Management: Altering Mindsets in a Global  Context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. This research paper on The Five Key Points to Effective Management in a Global Enterprise was written and submitted by user Natasha M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Renaissance

The Renaissance was â€Å"A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy,† according to Art In Focus. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. During the Renaissance, art was a branch of knowledge. It was a way to show God and his creations, as well as a science, of anatomy and perspective. Also during the Renaissance there were many people who used art as a way to record discoveries and inspired people to take pleasure in the world around them. In 1452 AD, a genius named Leonardo da Vinci was born in a small town called Vinci. He was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. When he was small he loved to draw pictures of plants, insects, flowers, animals, and birds. When Leonardo was in his teens his father took him to Florence, Italy, to study at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. When Leonardo was twenty, he was so good at painting that he helped his art teacher finish his painting. Not only was Leonardo an artist, but he was also an architect, musician, sculptor, scientist, inventor, and mathematician. He kept detailed records of all of his inventions in his notebooks, which he wrote backwards so nobody could steal his ideas. One of his sketches in his notebook was of a skull. He used lines possibly to measure the length and the width of the human head. He might have done this to be able to paint the human head in proper proportion, and more life like. Leonardo painted very realistically, as you can see in the painting Ginevra de’Benci, which is of a young lady. Another advancement of Leonardo’s was to make his backgrounds very detailed and in proper aerial perspective. The techniques he might have used in his paintings are as follows: He would first cover a wood panel with gesso then, rough ... Free Essays on Renaissance Free Essays on Renaissance Renaissance Paper The period of the renaissance existed between the years of 1485 and 1660. The term renaissance itself is a French word meaning "rebirth" and it refers particularly to renew interest in classical learning, the writing of ancient Greece and Rome. In the Middle Ages, people forgot the Greek language and debased the Latin; in the Renaissance people learned to read Greek once more and reformed the Latin that they read, wrote, and spoke. During the age of the Renaissance new energy seemed to be available for creating beautiful things and thinking new thoughts. Today people still call a strong, versatile, and productive human being a "renaissance person." In order to understand the period of the renaissance a person must look at basic areas: Royalty and explores, Religion and literature, music and arts, and food and fun. In order to understand the period of the Renaissance a person must first look at the royalty and explores. During the period of the Renaissance royalty ment that a person had people whom served them. There were several royal families and individuals that lasted for long periods of time in the Renaissance that included these great people: "Henry VIII was a young man, of England whom had everything. He was tall and handsome, he could ride all day, win joust, speak four languages, play the lute, and talk learnedly about religion and astronomy."(Hirsch P.1) Henry VIII had six wives and as many if not more flings. Henry’s first wife was Catherine of Aragon. Henry and Catherine were married in 1509 and shortly after their marriage Catherine became pregnant. The baby was born prematurely and died in 1510. She was soon pregnant again months later. The baby prince Henry was born of January 1, 1511. (secara P.1) Around 2 months later the baby died. On February 1516, she gave birth to a daughter named Mary, and this child lived. Henry was growing very frustrated by his lack of male heirs, but he re... Free Essays on Renaissance The Renaissance was â€Å"A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy,† according to Art In Focus. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. During the Renaissance, art was a branch of knowledge. It was a way to show God and his creations, as well as a science, of anatomy and perspective. Also during the Renaissance there were many people who used art as a way to record discoveries and inspired people to take pleasure in the world around them. In 1452 AD, a genius named Leonardo da Vinci was born in a small town called Vinci. He was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. When he was small he loved to draw pictures of plants, insects, flowers, animals, and birds. When Leonardo was in his teens his father took him to Florence, Italy, to study at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. When Leonardo was twenty, he was so good at painting that he helped his art teacher finish his painting. Not only was Leonardo an artist, but he was also an architect, musician, sculptor, scientist, inventor, and mathematician. He kept detailed records of all of his inventions in his notebooks, which he wrote backwards so nobody could steal his ideas. One of his sketches in his notebook was of a skull. He used lines possibly to measure the length and the width of the human head. He might have done this to be able to paint the human head in proper proportion, and more life like. Leonardo painted very realistically, as you can see in the painting Ginevra de’Benci, which is of a young lady. Another advancement of Leonardo’s was to make his backgrounds very detailed and in proper aerial perspective. The techniques he might have used in his paintings are as follows: He would first cover a wood panel with gesso then, rough ... Free Essays on Renaissance Before the time of the Renaissance, society, and people of the society were humble and modest. They left their great works anonymous and devoted and accredited God to all they were capable of doing. Christian humility strongly discouraged the idea of self-absorption, accordingly, throughout the Middle Ages, the recognition of such remarkable individuals were limited. By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, people began to glorify themselves and take pride in their uniqueness. This mentality was far different from that of the one where God was the reason for the greatness that one was capable of. People actually started to believe in their talent and recognize it. â€Å"†¦They had enormous confidence in their ability to achieve great things.† Leon Battista Alberti, a writer, architect, and mathematician made the remark, â€Å"Men can do all things if they will.† This concept of thinking displayed the ideas of self-confidence and self-worth. Although this self-confidence can sometimes be mistaken for arrogance, it was simply a time when people realized all that they were capable of and that they did posses qualities that others didn’t and were proud. Many of the paintings, for example, Boticellis’s Portrait of a Youth, displays all of the characteristics that young men were thought to posses. The way the eyebrows are tilted, and they way his hand is across his chest, and the other examples of his body language all display self-confidence and self-worth. This theme is found commonly in the characters of many of the paintings created at that time. At the time of the Renaissance, the revival of interest in antiquity, the recovery of manuscripts, statues, and monuments were greatly publicized and important. The aspect of the Renaissance of those that took a serious approach to the study of Latin classics became known as the â€Å"new learning,† or simply â€Å"humanism†. Humanism was the philosophical backbone of the Ren...

What Implicit Bias Means and How It Affects Behavior

What Implicit Bias Means and How It Affects Behavior An implicit bias is any unconsciously-held set of associations about  a social group. Implicit biases can  result in the attribution of particular qualities to all individuals from that group, also known as stereotyping. Implicit biases are the product of learned associations and social conditioning. They often  begin at a young age, and most people are unaware that they hold them. Importantly, these biases do not necessarily align with personal identity. Its possible to unconsciously associate positive or negative  traits with one’s own race, gender, or background. The Implicit Association Test Social psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald first coined the term implicit bias in the 1990s. In 1995, they published their theory of implicit social cognition, which asserted that  individuals social behavior and biases are largely related to unconscious, or implicit, judgments. The term grew in popularity in 1998, when Banaji and Greenwald developed the well-known Implicit Association Test (IAT) to confirm their hypothesis. The IAT test assessed the strength of unconscious biases through a computer program. Subjects were asked to observe a screen that displayed a  series of faces from different racial backgrounds and a series of positive and negative words. Researchers told the subjects to click on the positive words when they saw a face from racial background X, and the negative words when they saw a face from racial background Y. Then, they reversed the association and had subjects repeat the process.   The researchers argued that clicking more quickly meant that the subject had a greater unconscious association. In other words, quickly clicking happy when viewing a certain face meant that the individual had a close unconscious association between the positive trait and the race. A slower click time means that the individual had more difficulty associating that the positive trait with the race. Over time, the IAT has been replicated successfully in multiple subsequent trials, demonstrating its efficacy in proving implicit bias. In addition to racial bias, the test has also been used successfully to assess implicit bias related to gender and sexual orientation. Effects of Implicit Bias Holding an implicit bias towards a particular social group can determine how you treat an individual from that group.  Implicit biases affect human behavior  throughout society, including in classrooms, workplaces, and the legal system. Effects in the Classroom Implicit bias  affects how teachers treat students in the classroom. Research conducted by the Yale Child Study Center found that black children, particularly black boys, are more likely to be expelled and suspended from preschool for challenging behavior than white children. The research also found that, when primed to look for such challenging behavior, teachers tended to look longer at black children, particularly boys. The results suggested that implicit racial bias affects educational access and achievement in the classroom. Implicit bias results in an effect called stereotype threat, which occurs when  an individual internalizes negative stereotypes about a group to which they belong. Researchers demonstrated this effect through a standardized test study. Black and white college students with similar SAT scores were given a 30-minute college-level standardized test. Half of the students were told that the test measured intelligence, while the other group was told that the test was a problem-solving activity that did not correspond to ability. In the first group, black students performed less well than their white peers; in the second group, black students performance was equal to that of their white peers. The researchers concluded that the first group had been affected by stereotype threat when the researchers stated that the test measured intelligence. Similar results have also been found when comparing female and male performance on math exams. Effects in the Workplace Although explicit forms of workplace discrimination are banned in most developed countries, implicit bias plays a significant role in the professional world. Studies have shown that identical resumes  receive a different number of callbacks depending on the name at the top of the document. Across all industries, resumes with a name commonly associated with black individuals received fewer callbacks than those with names associated with white individuals.  Comparable implicit bias has also been shown in relation to gender and age. Effects in the Legal System Implicit bias has a significant impact on the legal system. Evidence suggests that black defendants are more likely to be treated harshly in the courtroom than white defendants. Prosecutors are more likely to charge black defendants and less likely to offer them plea bargains. Plea bargains offered to white defendants tend to be more generous than those offered to black or Latino defendants. Furthermore, juries are more likely to exhibit bias against defendants of a race different from the racial background of the majority of the jury. IAT tests have shown implicit associations between the words black and guilty. Implicit Bias vs. Racism Implicit bias and racism are related concepts, but they do not have the same meaning. Implicit bias is an unconsciously held set of associations about a particular group. Racism is prejudice against individuals from a specific racial group and can be either explicit or implicit. Implicit bias can lead to implicitly racist behavior, like when a teacher disciplines black children more harshly than white children, but many individuals harbor implicit biases without ever displaying overt racism. By becoming aware of our own implicit biases and actively resisting them, we can avoid perpetuating harmful racist stereotypes and prejudices.   Sources Anselmi, Pasquale, et al. â€Å"Implicit Sexual Attitude of Heterosexual, Gay and Bisexual Individuals: Disentangling the Contribution of Specific Associations to the Overall Measure.† PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078990.Correll, Shelley, and Stephen Benard. â€Å"Gender and Racial Bias in Hiring.† Penn Office of the Provost, University of Pennsylvania, 21 Mar. 2006, provost.upenn.edu/uploads/media_items/gender-racial-bias.original.pdf.Greenwald, Anthony G, et al. â€Å"Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.† Journal of Personality and Soclal Psychology, vol. 74, no. 6, 1998, pp. 1464–1480., faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf.â€Å"How The Concept Of Implicit Bias Came Into Being.† NPR, National Public Radio, Inc., 17 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/17/498219482/how-the-concept-of-implicit-bias-came-into-being.Kang, Jerry Bennett, Mark Carbado , Devon Casey, Pamela Dasgupta, Nilanjana Faigman, David D. Godsil, Rachel G. Greenwald, Anthony Levinson, Justin Mnookin, Jennifer.. â€Å"Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.† UCLA Law Review, vol 59, no. 5, February 2012, pp. 1124-1186. ResearchGate,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256016531_Implicit_Bias_in_the_Courtroom Payne, Keith. â€Å"How to Think about ‘Implicit Bias.’† Scientific American, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 27 Mar. 2018, www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-think-about-implicit-bias/.â€Å"Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap.† American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 15 July 2006, www.apa.org/research/action/stereotype.aspx.White, Michael J., and Gwendolen B. White. â€Å"Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes.† Sex Roles, vol. 55, no. 3-4, Aug. 2006, pp. 259–266., doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z.Wittenbrink, Bernd, et al. â€Å"Evidence for Racial Prejudice at the Implicit Level and Its Relationship with Questionnaire Measures.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 262–274. PsychInfo, American Psychological Association, psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262.Young, Yolanda. â€Å"Teachers Implicit Bias against Black St udents Starts in Preschool, Study Finds.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Oct. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/black-students-teachers-implicit-racial-bias-preschool-study. Guardian Media Group

Essay on Tar Baby-ly Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

On Tar Baby-ly - Essay Example In the novel, Tar Baby, Toni Morrison highlights patterns of racist socialization and ever present anger using motives and actions of the characters in the story, particularly Jadine and Son. The tensions that the major and minor characters experience in the novel are reflective of PTSS. In particular, Jadine demonstrates racist socialization while Son shows ever present anger. According to DeGruy, racist socialization refers to â€Å"adoption of the slave master’s value system† which â€Å"includes the internalization of the white ideal of beauty† (DeGruy 135). Jadine is very fond of things that are pleasing to the whites. She loves the sealskin coat that her boyfriend Ryk gives her even though it is impractical to wear it in the Caribbean. She also loves cosmopolitan live, thus encourages Son to live in New York. However, she and Son cannot be together for they are far different from each other. She starts to realize this only when Son takes her to Eloe. Although she is black, she cannot appreciate things that Son values such as the wildlife. Opposed to Son, Jadine does not give importance to her race. She embraces European life and leaves her surrogate parents. She does not think of the sacrifices that Sydney and Odine do for her in order to send her to school. Instead, she thinks that Valerian is the only one who fulfills her dream by sending her to study in Paris. She claims, â€Å"the truth is I could not have done that without the help and care of some poor white dude who thought I had brains enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison 51). Jadine’s racist socialization leads her to ostracize her aunt and uncle as part of her success. She gives credit only to Valerian, thus leaves her relatives behind to start a new life in New York. Ironically, Son realizes the effort of the two and tells her, â€Å"They are the ones who put you through school, woman†¦not him. They worked

A Perspective on Cosmopolitanism in Media Research Paper

A Perspective on Cosmopolitanism in Media - Research Paper Example This perspective on media and cosmopolitanism takes on a variety of forms, some more extreme and nefarious than others. It should be no surprise that a great degree of analysis on this issue has within it considerations one might imagine finding in anthropological or ethnographic reporting. In these regards, the theorists have also considered a means by which journalists can more accurately present information as a means of valorizing rather than reducing culture on a global context. In these regards, rather than advancing notions of cultural myths or resonant symbols, it’s argued that evidenced-based reporting should occur that investigates interactions or unique means of understanding the cultural dynamics of the region. While this perspective does not overtly reveal the extent to which cosmopolitanism alters individuals’ beliefs or culture, it does assume that to an extent journalism shapes beliefs and as a result, must be constructed in a conscientious way. In some regards, it’s argued that this media presentation of culture is in a way in a theoretical conflict or war in terms of defining cultural aspects. Robertson, citing Silverstone, states, â€Å"Silverstone developed the notion of ‘mediapolis’ to describe the moral space in which such construction work takes place: a space ‘in which the world appears and in which the world is constituted in its worldliness, and through which we learn about those who are and who are not like us’ (Robertson, pg. 13). In these regards, rather than viewing the media as a single monolithic entity of the dominant culture, it is a dominant culture entity with pluralistic perspectives competing and clashing for the most viable interpretation or cultural presentation.

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management Essay The case at hand is hinged on the efficiency of operations in the different facilities of Canbide Corporation. With all the pressing problems, the system of operations in the company needed to be re-designed to answer the problems in every area that needs attention. The four concerns of Mr. Iwani, which are: 1. There is a need to put up a distribution facility in the Pacific Northwest; 2. There are quality problems at a facility in Nebraska; 3.  Customer Service problems; 4. There are inventories / materials handling problem at Newark facility, could actually be consolidated as problems of Aggregate Planning. In the case of Pacific Northwest, which locates the plant S facility, where inventory problems and shipping concerns abound, the root causes of which is the not so good facility location planning. The expansion of the company was not able to be considered over the initial planning stage. Hence, some strategic solutions would be available for each of the facilities which could be centrally based on the Japanese’s â€Å"Just-In-Time (JIT) system which uses the Kanban and Lean Management System† First, on the Denver Facility, the production queuing model should be revised as to the process whether one â€Å"Work-In-Process flow†. When a customer had to pick up a product, it should be centrally ordered on one building alone and have to wait on a lounge until the orders are ready to be picked up on a central loading plant. The products are thus carried over to the central loading station for customers. This will eventually solve the problem of traffic inside the facility. Parking should be organized to be able to serve the first customers first. Further solutions would include the proper â€Å"facility lay-outing of future building plans† Secondly, on the Problem in the Oregon facility, the production process should be already automated since the increasing demands require such facility. In this way, using the Kanban system of the Japanese Toyota system or the Just-In-Time system which forge strong linkage over its suppliers and order system is placed in attention when inventory is kept at low. With this system, the storage facility could be converted into production facility because stocking of materials needed would be minimized or even eliminated through the use of the system. Also, this system will be beneficial to the firm because it would drive down the cost of materials especially in the value loss of inventorying at its warehouses. Problems on shipping inventories would also be minimized. Thirdly, on the issue on the Copier Rehab Facility near Charleston, the management should focus its attention on Knowledge Management and Information System. This would require an in-depth analysis on the problems of the copiers being brought in for repair and the time spent and behavior analysis of every customer. If this would be done, then the management would be able to note the materials needed to be inventoried in the rehabilitation center. The turnaround rate of seven days would even be minimized, and not just targeted. The Materials Requirement Planning would thus be needed by the company to cope up with the demands of the products to be repaired. In summary, the Oregon facility problems could thus be solve through re-structuring with the inception of the JIT system in each plant and revising the process workflow to ensure on time production and ensure the quality of the products made. Warehousing costs would also be minimized if not totally eliminated with the Kanban System, which is also hinged on the Just-In-Time system of the Toyota Company in Japan.

Money Cant Buy Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Happiness is a feeling that everyone aims to accomplish, yet some people seem to only catch a sight of it. Gratifying atonement, a state of well-being, and serenity are the more eminent elements of happiness. David G. Myers and Ed Diener propose the article â€Å"Who Is Happy?† which present aspects of happiness, a theory that recognizes adaptation, cultural world view, and personal goals. I believe through word of mouth and through those whom we look up to, we are told many myths about happiness, especially the biggest myth that money can buy happiness. In Daniel Gilbert’s â€Å"Reporting Live from Tomorrow†, he argues that the definition of happiness is not defined by wealth and that we rely on super-replicators and surrogates to make decisions that we feel will enhance our happiness. Our economic history has proven the idea of declining marginal utility. If we pursue life and liberty without happiness, our lives, quality, and value will slowly vanish, but the absence of wealth has nothing to do with one’s happiness. To begin with, anyone can be happy, it all depends on the type of person they are. There are of course they myths of happiness, predictors of happiness, and life satisfaction. Majority people believe myths that there are unhappy times during one’s lifetime, the stress-filled teen years â€Å"midlife crisis and then the years of old age† (Myers and Diener 12). In reality, people of all ages unveil that no specific time in their life were they happier or unhappier than others. In addition to anyone being happy, genuine happiness is vulnerable. â€Å"If happiness is similarly available to people of any age, sex, or race, and to those of most income levels, who is happiest?† (Myers and Diener 14), the capacity of peoples’ joy is undiminished. Self-esteem, personal control, optimism, and extraversion are four inner traits that classify happy people. People who are happy admire themselves and feel personal control, empowered rather than helpless about their lifestyle. They are also optimistic and tend to be more healthy, successful, and happier than pessimistic people. Also, people that are happy are extraverted and they are happy when they are surrounded by a lot of people and even when they are alone. They are not happy because of their status of wealth. Furthermore, super-replicating beliefs are ideas passed to new generations through surrogates. Surrogates are individuals who have faced a similar situation in which they pass the super-replicating beliefs to.

Gender and Translation Essay

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the role of the gender of the translator on the accuracy of the translation, and to determine whether there is any difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. Two English novels and two translations for each, one done by a female and the other by a male translator, were selected. Each translation was compared with its source text, sentence by sentence, and based on some certain categories, their inappropriate renderings affecting the understanding of the ST, and in fact affecting the translation accuracy, were extracted. The total numbers of the observed inappropriate renderings of each group of the female and male translators were counted. Having analyzed the data and having applied some statistical analyses, the researcher discovered that the answer to the research question was negative and the null hypothesis of the research was supported. Key Words: gender, accuracy, mutedness, politeness, dominance 1. Introduction Every process of translation involves at least two languages and one message, which can be called form and meaning. In fact, the meaning is the message which is transferred by various features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into the TT. So, depending on different factors affecting the translator’s performance and the way the message is conveyed, different translations will be produced. Gender of the translator is one of the factors that may affect the product of the translator, and the accuracy of translation is an important feature in evaluating any translated text. This research aimed to work on the differences which might exist in terms of the accuracy between the translations done by male and female translators. Thus, the research question was as follows: â€Å"Is there any difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy? † In order to investigate the above mentioned research question, the following hypothesis was developed: â€Å"There is no difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. † 2. Gender, Language, Accuracy and Translation 2. 1. Gender and Language: Language, socially and personally, is a significant part of man’s identity. Language and gender are linked and developed through man’s participation in every day social practice. It is proved through various investigations that the languages of men and women are really different (Holmes 1995: 1). In the past, women were invisible, yet today they believe that they possess a different voice, different psychology, different experience of love, etc. and also different culture from that of men (Coates 1997: 13). Many studies have been conducted so far, regarding the role of the gender â€Å"as a determinant of linguistic usage† (Stockwell 2002: 16). According to Stockwell (2002: 16), today the term ‘genderlect’ is used to refer to the different lexical and grammatical choices which are characteristically made by males and females; e. g. women in their talks use frequent certain color term, frequent certain evaluative adjectives, not sure intonation, tag phrases and super-polite expressions, such as euphemism, less swearing and more indirect words. Some of their language differences proved through various investigations are as follows: women are believed to be the talkative and gossiping sex (Graddol & Swann 1992: 70). Women speak softly, whereas men speak loud and such differences in the voices relate to their physical sexual differences; moreover, men are thought to be stronger and bigger than women (Graddol & Swann 1992: 13). Men use ‘I’, swear words and taboo ones more than women, and in order to continue the conversation and show the certainty, women use more hedges, expressions such as ‘I’m sure’, ‘you know’, ‘perhaps’†¦ (Coates 1997: 116, 126). According to Jepersen (cited in Coates 1997: 20), since women start talking without having thought, they are much more often break off than men without finishing their sentences. It is believed that women talk, compliment others and also apologize more than men do; moreover, in conversations women usually do not interrupt men’s words and they wait until they finish their talk (Holmes 1995: 2). Also, as Graddol and Swann (1992: 92) believe women talk more politely than men. But what is the linguistic definition of the concept of ‘politeness’? Politeness should be considered as â€Å"an expression of concern for the feelings of others† (Holmes 1995: 4). Holmes (1995: 6) believes that women are more concerned about the feelings of those to whom they are talking and they speak more explicitly than men; also, he says that women are considered as the members of the subordinate group, so they have to be polite. In mixed conversations, women use the minimal responses more than men and at appropriate moment, while men use such words less and often with delay to show their dominance and the powerlessness of the gender to which they talk (Coates 1997: 116). As mentioned before, men interrupt more than women and it is because they think they are more dominated and powerful (Coates 1997: 110). There is an idea that powerlessness is a feminine characteristic (cited in Graddol & Swann 1992: 91, 92). DeVault (2002: 90) believes that â€Å"the concept of â€Å"mutedness† does not imply that women are silent†. According to Coates (1997: 35), for centuries women were considered in a ‘muted group’ and this was the desired state of them; so this belief that women talk too much is because of this fact that they are required to express themselves to the dominant group of men and talk to them, so that they can be heard by them and this talking is against their mutedness. Consequently, women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one, and for this reason, females are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males. But regarding their translations, it must be said since translation is the product of man’s language, it must have the same characteristics as that of language. So, every translation must reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. 2. 2. Translation and Accuracy: In the process of translating a text, the message of the original should be preserved in the translation and this shows the fidelity or faithfulness of the translator to the original text. Beekman and Callow (1989: 33) believe that a faithful translation is the one â€Å"which transfers the meaning and the dynamics of the original text†; and by ‘transferring the meaning’, they mean that the translation conveys the ST information to the TT reader. According to Beekman and Callow (1989: 34), â€Å"only as the translator correctly understands the message, can he begin to be faithful†, and it is only then that â€Å"he can translate clearly & accurately†. In fact, faithfulness and fidelity are two terms which show how much the TT reconstructs the ST. Some translation theorists believe that the translation should be evaluated by considering its ST as â€Å"the yardstick† (Manafi Anari 2004: 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Manafi Anari (2004: 41, vol. 1, no. 4) defines accuracy as â€Å"the exactitude or precision of the meaning conveyed† and in fact it â€Å"implies conformity of translation with the original text in terms of fact or truth†. Also, he defines ‘accurate translation’ as a translation â€Å"which is the reproduction of the message of the ST† (Manafi Anari 2004: 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Newmark (1996: 111) believes that in translating a text, â€Å"the accuracy relates to the SL text, either to the author’s meaning, or to the objective truth that is encompassed by the text†, etc. According to the discussion above, accuracy can be considered as one of the representations of the faithfulness in translation, i. e. showing how accurately the translator has managed to reproduce the message of the ST into the TL. Larson (1984: 485) believes that in every translation, accuracy, clearness and naturalness are of the great importance. Regarding the translation accuracy, she believes that in some cases, when the translator tries to get the meaning of the ST and convey it to the TT, s/he may make some mistakes, either in the analysis of the ST, or in the process of conveying the meaning, and a different meaning may result; then, there is a need for a careful check regarding the accuracy of the translation. According to Khomeijani Farahani (2005: 77-78) based on what Larson proposed in 1984, the process of evaluating the accuracy of translation can be done in 2 possible ways: one way is recognizing the key words of the ST and their equivalences in the TT and comparing how close they are; i. e. determining whether the translator could convey the same and exact meaning of the ST by selecting the best target equivalents and whether s/he could achieve an acceptable accuracy or not. Another way is using back translation; i. e. translating the TLT into the SL, then, carrying out a contrastive analysis and if the retranslated text is reasonably close to the SLT, the translation has got the acceptable accuracy. Also, Waddington (2001: 313) has proposed a translation quality assessment method based on Hurtado’s (1995) model: Waddington’s â€Å"Method A† introduces three groups of mistakes which may exist in a translation. The first group of the mistakes, which consider the understanding of the ST message, is related to the accuracy of the translation; it contains inappropriate renderings affecting the understanding of the source text and divides them into eight categories: contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc. ). Consequently, the term ‘translation accuracy’ refers to the translator’s understanding of the message of the ST and that how accurately the translator has managed to translate a text from one language into another. 2. 3. Gender and Translation Through reviewing the languages applied by women and men, and also by studying various aspects of their lives, it is revealed that women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one. Hence, it is for this reason that in recent decades, females are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males. Over the past several decades and after the women’s movement, gender issues got involved in the language issues; meanwhile the translation studies developed more and more (von Flotow 1997: 1). Regarding the translation, it can be assumed that since translation is the product of the language of the human being, it might have the same characteristics as those of language. So, every translation might reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. According to von Flotow (1997: 5), â€Å"gender refers to the sociocultural construction of both sexes†. During 1960s-1970s, feminist thinkers discussed socialized difference between women and men and the cultural and political powerlessness of these two genders (von Flotow 1997: 5). About the concept of gender, Sherry Simon (1996: 5) believes that â€Å"gender is an element of identity and experience which, like other cultural identities, takes form through social consciousness†. By reviewing the history of translation, we can discover that always there have been â€Å"well-known debates over how best to be faithful†; then, it is not   astonishing â€Å"that fidelity in translation has been consistently defined in terms of gender and sexuality† (Chamberlain, cited in Baker 1998: 93). For a long time, translation has been employed to explain women’s actions in public, and as von Flotow (1997: 12) has referred to Marguerito Duras, women lived in darkness for centuries, they did not even know themselves very well; then, while entering the public atmosphere, they had to translate what they mean. As claimed by Arteaga (1994: 2, cited in Simon 1996: 134), cultural and linguistic histories of every nation demonstrate the relationship between self and other; at present, in cultural studies, translation is considered as a metaphor expressing â€Å"the increasing internationalization of cultural production† as well as â€Å"the fate of those who struggle between two worlds and two languages†. According to Simon (1996: 134-135), marginalized group view translation as a means through which they can establish themselves in the culture and language of the dominant groups: women attempt to â€Å"translate themselves† into the men’s language and migrants try to translate their past experiences into the present. It is because of â€Å"the sense of not being at home within idioms of power† that has made many women and also migrants, such as Salman Rushdie, to believe themselves as being â€Å"translated beings† (Rushdie 1991: 13, cited in Simon 1996: 135). Translator and translation have been considered as marginalized, since some have believed that the original text has got superiority over the translation and that the translation is just an equivalent of the original and it is not an original in itself (Hatim & Munday 2004: 200). Historically, translation has been considered as a secondary and degraded version of authorship (Simon 1996: 39). As Simon (1996: 39) states, it has been appeared as a great instrument for women providing them to step into the world of literature and writing; translation helps women to express themselves through their writings and translations; for long, women have been limited to just translate and they have been only permitted to enter this specific secondary zone of writing; they have been forced to stand outside the borders of the dominant zone of writing and not been allowed to enjoy the position of authorship. Feminism and translation are both considered in the category of â€Å"secondariness† and both are served as instruments for the critical understanding of differences as it is described in language (Simon 1996: 8). The aim of feminist translation theory is to determine and to criticize the concepts of inferiority of women and translation, in both society and literature; for this purpose, the process through which translation has come to be feminized should be explored and the structures of authority maintaining such association should be troubled (Simon 1996: 1). By the passage of time, and through the achievements formed by feminists and their movements, women could express themselves and their abilities in society, and in fact, they could establish their identities in the world; just as Simon says, â€Å"feminism has also reordered lines of cultural transmission† (Simon 1996: 84). By means of translation, translators – often females – have created new ways of exchange; besides, they have opened new translation markets, and according to Simon (1996: 84), â€Å"in addition to the conceptual challenging of translation tropes, feminism has worked to establish new intellectual connections†. 3. Methodology The researcher compared some Persian translations with their English originals to discover whether there is any significant difference between the translations of the male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. So, a comparative descriptive approach was adopted. In fact, this research was conducted through a descriptive corpus-based method. As the corpus of the study, two English novels and two translations for each, i. e. one by a male and another by a female translator, were compared regarding their accuracy. The researcher considered about 10000 words of each English novel and compared the original sentences with their Persian translations. The titles of the novels and their translations were as follows: ( Austen, J. (1813), reprinted 2003. Pride and Prejudice. Bantam Classic: New York. ( . ? . . . : ? 1385. ( . ? . . . : 1386. ( Bronte, E. (1847), reprinted 2003. Wuthering Heights. Bantam Classic: New York. ( . ( ). . . : 1386. ( . ( ). . . : 1385. 4. Data Analysis In order to discover whether male translators translate more accurately than female translators and to find out whether there is any significant difference between the accuracy of the translations of these two genders, the researcher chose two English novels and she compared the first 10000 words of each novel with their two translations, one done by a male and the other by a female translator. Here, the unit of the analysis was ‘sentence’; i. e. the researcher compared each sentence of the source text with its certain translation according to the first part of Waddington’s â€Å"Method A† (2001: 313) which is related to translation accuracy and contains the eight categories of the inappropriate renderings which affect the understanding of the source text: contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc.). Examples below show the way the researcher analyzed the translations. Here, there are: * MT1: male translator of the Text 1 *FT1: female translator of the Text 1 * MT2: male translator of the Text 2 *FT2: female translator of the Text 2 Examples are as follows: ( But to be candid without ostentation or design – to take the good of everybody’s character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad – belongs to you alone. (Text 2/ Sentence 220) ( (FT2): ? ? ? ? . ( Faux sens: make it still better: ( Addition: ? / ? / ( Omission: character/ or design ( (MT2): ? †¦ ? †¦ . ( Faux sens: ostentation: / to make it still better: ( Addition: ? / ( Omission: character ( They could not every day sit so grim, and taciturn; and it was impossible, however, ill-tempered they might be, that the universal scowl they wore was their everyday countenance. (Text 1/ Sentence 159) ( (FT1): ? . ? ? . ( Addition: ? / ?/ ( Omission: sit/ countenance/ universal/ they wore ( (MT1): ? . ? ? . ( Fauxs sens: grim: ( Addition: / / ? / ? ( Omission: they wore/ universal The researcher computed and then presented the number of the frequencies of each category of the translations in the following tables: MT1 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |169 |0 |217 |193 |3 |32 |11 |628 | |Percentage |1 |47 |0 |60 |53 |1 |9 |3 |- | |Table 1: MT1’s Inappropriate Renderings. FT1 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |136 |0 |163 |151 |12 |25 |2 |492 | |Percentage |1 |38 |0 |45 |42 |3 |7 |1 |- | | Table 2: FT1’s Inappropriate Renderings MT2 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |1 |136 |0 |139 |171 |16 |44 |62 |569 | |Percentage |0 |36 |0 |37 |45 |4 |12 |16 |- | |Table 3: MT2’s Inappropriate Renderings. FT2 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |169 |2 |204 |201 |4 |67 |11 |661 | |Percentage |1 |45 |1 |54 |53 |1 |18 |3 |- | |Table 4: FT2’s Inappropriate Renderings 5. Discussion: Regarding the translations of the Text 1, the researcher found that the female translator translated more accurately than the male translator, since the number of the observed inappropriate renderings of MT1 was more than that of FT1. But regarding the Text 2, the researcher got an opposite result; i. e. she discovered that the male translator translated more accurately than the female translator, for the number of the inappropriate renderings of FT2 was more than that of MT2. So, based on the different findings obtained from the analysis of the Text 1 and Text 2, the researcher discovered there is no significant difference between the translations done by the female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. 6. Conclusion According to the data analysis and findings obtained through studying inappropriate rendering cases affecting the understanding of the ST, and in fact, affecting the accuracy of their translations, which occurred in the translations of the male and the female translators, it was proved that there is no significant difference between the translations done by male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. Thus, the null hypothesis of this research was supported. Here, it is concluded that the gender of the translator plays no significant role in the accuracy of the translation, and that it cannot be said whether female translators translate more accurately than male translators or vice versa. So, this study proved that the gender of the translator cannot be considered as a determinant factor in examining the translation accuracy. References Baker, Mona. (ed. ) (1998). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Beekman, John. and J. Callow. (1989). Translating the Word of God. Zondervan Publishing House. Coates, Jennifer (1997). Women, Men and Language (A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language). 2nd Edition. London and New York: Longman. DeVault, Marjorie. L. (2002). â€Å"Talking and Listening from Women’s Standpoint: Feminist Strategies for Interviewing and Analysis†. Darin Weinberg, (ed. ) Qualitative Research Methods. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. , 88-111. Graddol, David. and J. Swann. (1992). Gender Voice. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Hatim, Basil. and J. Munday. (2004). Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London and New York: Routledge. ` Holmes, Janet. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. London and New York: Longman. Khomeijani Farahani, Aliakbar. (2005). â€Å"A Framework for Translation Evaluation†. Translation Studies, 3 (9), 75-87. Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. Lanham/New York/London: University Press of America. Manafi Anari, Salar. (2004). â€Å"A Functional-Based Approach to Translation Quality Assessment†. Translation Studies, 1 (4), 31-52. —– (2004). â€Å"Accuracy and Naturalness in Translation of Religious Texts†. Translation Studies, 2 (5), 33-51. Newmark, Peter. (1996). About Translation. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Simon, Sherry. (1996). Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission. London and New York: Routledge. Stockwell, Peter. (2002). Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. London and New York: Routledge. von Flotow, Luise. (1997). Translation and Gender: Translating in the ‘Era of Feminism’. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Waddington, Christopher. (2001). â€Å"Different Methods of Evaluating Student Translations: The Question of Validity†. Meta, XLVI (2), 311-325. Also, available from: http://www. erudit. org/revue/meta/2001/v46/n2/004583ar. pdf [Accessed May 5, 2007]. ———————– [1] Contact Number: 09123274659 [2] Contact Number: 09124017793, 02133793821 E-mail Address: maliheh. ghodrati@gmail. com

Proud to be Federal: A System that Money and Rhetoric Cannot Buy Essay

If I were on a bet, I have to choose either my dignity or wealth, as a principled citizen of America, I would choose my dignity. The ego could not be equated to money. The same way as the established principle and system could not be price tagged with million bills and euphemized sales talk. United States of America (US) is globally known the most powerful country in the world. The president of us is known to be the most powerful man in the world, as well. Back from the early times wherein the US colonized several countries. States, and archipelagos in different continents, it already showed its power and leadership among these colonized countries. Their victory in wars exemplified their strength and supremacy among other nation. Up to these days, US is undeniably being revered by other countries considering that it belongs to the first world countries, which are called as capitalists. The US government follows the Federal system by which there is a central government for the whole country of US and there are local government units for each of the 50 states that it has. In matters of decision-making, the state government could decide on its own as long as it could be settled along the state level. The Federal government of course, has its power in decision-making concerning more the US as a whole. Yet, it also involves in decision-making in the state level since it is the central government. In this case, we could see that our government becomes more specific and focus to one state unit than referring one government all over the 50 states that compose our country. In such way, problems and issues in the state level could be easily settled because there are specific state governors whom could address certain issues involving the state and the citizenry. This pattern of system, which has more than one government, is an effective way of ruling the people and the state since the leader of a particular state could focus more in their state problems with less regards with the problems of the other states. If only the central government would address all the issues and concerns of all the 50 states and the citizenry, there could be hard focus and specification of resolutions in the problems arising in different states. We could say that our country has been developed decades ago and has already established an almost stable system of living. This good socio-economic status of our country is being experienced now by most American citizen, if not all. We are ahead of trading with different partner countries in the world. In the version of â€Å"Keeping the Economy Strong† in the President’s FY2008 Budget, new investments and good innovations from outside and inside the country are expected since the â€Å"President’s tax relief† is permanently taking effect. This is to ensure the continuous economic growth of the US. Moreover, the affordable health services, improved quality of education, and security and stability of energy source are more focused by the central government system since it would assure the growth and development of the Americans. These socio-economic per se are the considerations to take to help all American people more productive. However, our country, as it is combating the terrorism act world wide, it lessens its viability in terms of economic role in terms of partnership with other countries. The US government focuses its external relation with other countries in terms of defense and state security. But in ruling the state, the federal system is taking place effectively. Likewise, since the federal government is the main and central ruler of the states of the US, it launches several programs, which entitled as â€Å"Top 10 Federal Benefits and Assistance Programs. † The first three programs mainly focus on the health aspect of the beneficiaries, First of this program is the Medicare, which enables the disabled and 65 and above year old citizen to receive medical insurance. It also includes those people who have permanent kidney disease (End-Stage Renal Disease) and could only be treated by dialysis. The second program is the Medical Prescription Drug Program. This program encompasses the entire citizen, such that, they could buy medicines and drugs with low cost. It could also protect the citizen from the increasing cost of the prescribed drugs. The third program pertains to the Medicaid that provides people with low socio-economic status with medical insurance especially those who are not covered with the first program. The fourth one, which is called the Social Security Retirement, benefits the retired workers and employees in lieu of their service to the company or the government they had been employed. The fifth program is named Stafford Student Loans. This gives opportunity and assistance to those who are in undergraduate study and even those who are in graduate study all over the America. It does not specify that its restriction is for American citizen only, yet, it dos prioritized of course the America people. The sixth one is the Food Stamps that would enable those people who belonged to low-income group to buy their foods. These foods are at low cost and are mainly the needed foods to improve the diets of the American people. On the other hand, the seventh program, which is called Emergency Food Assistance, provides the needy most people and the elders with food without any cost. The eighth one is the Employment and Training Assistance. It helps the citizen to improve their skills to get a good job. It also helps old employees to reemploy or search for new jobs. This program also provides placement assistance and information regarding the labor status, rights, and responsibilities. The ninth one which covers the shelter of the citizen is called Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers is the program that is responsible for provision of decent home and safe settlements for the low-income citizen. If not fully given homes, the program also addresses the housing rental at an affordable cost. The tenth and the last one is the Home Weatherization Assistance. This program is considered the largest assistance program fro those citizen who could not afford high cost of energy. Under the Department of Energy, it provides help to the citizen to conserve the energy they are using to avoid the burden of high-energy utilization. After all these main benefits under the system of Federalism, which mainly focus on the individual and community level of the society, the fiscal policy changed into monetary policy. This falls under the over all economic facade and status of the economy of the US. Under the U. S. Federal reserve System, this agency, commonly known as â€Å"the Fed,† is being comprised by the 12 major federal reserve banks and 25 the same branch branches. The control of fluctuation of the US economy is mainly established to watch out for the trend of the business firms. This is a vigilant watch for the tendencies of falling and rising of the economic status of the people. Another agency has been reformed under the Federal system, which is called Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives (OFBCI), which has been under the White House. It generally focuses on four major aspects such as legal guidance with partnering with the Federal government, accessing private resources, promote volunteerism, outcomes-focused Planning and Evaluation, and grant writing tutorials for five federal programs. This program mainly fights the societal disease in the state. For example, the Violence Free Zone, which entailed that no one should be harmed in the certain area declared as Violence Free Zone. The gangers, which are mostly youths, have given another chance to redirect their path as they are following. The faith-based community was observed to be inadequate, such that, the OFBCI caters most the qualified groups which are lackings of the provision of the social services. These aforementioned issues are just testimonies on how the hand of the Federal system works in the US. The fact that the US has undergone a Federal system, democracy and equal rights of citizen are still taken into considerations. Though, racial discrimination in our country still in its existence, the welfare of the people is still on the top list of the federal that hope to be accomplished in the range of demands of the society. These are to show the pride and honor of being an American and being under the Federal system, which certainly, other countries might be looking up to. The influence of our system could not only be seen here inside the country but also in the country it had been partnered with or colonized. The federal system, as what Robert Longley described in his article entitle â€Å"U. S. Government 101,† the system is perfect, yet it could lead to abuse of power in an instant. But the people and the state governments, which have their own power could mitigate that and prevent such thing to happen. The success and the high status that our country is portraying now could also attributed to the political hands themselves. Like what Alexander Hamilton and James Madison had been said in Federalists 51, â€Å"In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. On how the US is being modified by different leaders and the system as the tool they had used to mold the shape that the US has right now, is an attribution. The system they had been left and the system that was established was priceless. No negotiation could betray the system, such that, it would always impose its rule and law governing the American people. People around the globe look at us differently and powerfully. The supremacy we have gained for years could not be bought by any monetary value.